Biome

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Biome is a plant and animal community that has common characteristics for the environment in which they live. They can be found on various continents. Biomes are different biological communities that form in response to a shared physical climate. "Biome" is a broader term than "habitat"; any biome may consist of a variety of habitats.

While biomes can cover large areas, microbiomes are a mixture of organisms that co-exist in a given space on a much smaller scale. For example, human microbiomes are a collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms present in the human body.

A 'biota' is a collection of organisms from a geographical region or time period, from the local geographical scale and the temporal scale instantly to the full-scale spatiotemporal scale of the planet and the full-time scale. The Earth's biota form a biosphere.

Video Biome

History of concepts

The term was proposed in 1916 by Clements, originally as a synonym for the biotic community of MÃÆ'¶bius (1877). Later, he obtained the current definition, based on the initial concept of phytophysiognomy, formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora), with the inclusion of animal elements and the exclusion of taxonomic elements of species composition. In 1935, Tansley added the climate and land aspect to the idea, calling it an ecosystem. The International Biology Program (1964-74) popularized the concept of biomes.

However, in some contexts, the term biome is used in different ways. In the German literature, especially in Walter's terminology, the term is used in conjunction with a biotope (concrete geographic unit), while the definition of the biome used in this article is used as an international, non-regional terminology - regardless of which continent a region is present, taking the name of the same biome - and in accordance with its "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zones, altitudes or soils).

In Brazilian literature, the term "biome" is sometimes used as a synonym of "biogeographic province", an area based on species composition (the term "floristic province" used when plant species are considered), or also as a synonym of "morphoclimatic" and phytogeographical domains "from Ab'SÃÆ'¨ber, a geographical space with subcontinental dimensions, with similar geomorphological dominance and climatic characteristics, and certain vegetation forms, both of which include many true biomes.

Maps Biome

Classification

Sharing the world in some ecological zones is a difficult effort, especially because of the small-scale variations that are ubiquitous on earth and due to gradual changes from one biome to another. Therefore their boundaries must be taken arbitrarily and their characterization is made according to the predominant average conditions in them.

A 1978 study of North American grasslands found a positive logistical correlation between evapotranspiration in mm/yr and net primary production above ground in g/m ² /yr. The general result of this study is that rainfall and water use lead to primary production on the ground, while solar irradiation and temperature lead to primary underground (root) production, and temperature and water lead to winter and warm growth habits. This finding helps explain the categories used in Holdridge's bioclassification scheme (see below), which is then simplified by Whittaker. The number of classification schemes and the various determinants used in the scheme, however, should be taken as a strong indicator that the biome does not match the established classification scheme.

Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zone

Holdridge classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and rainfall on vegetation assuming that the two abiotic factors are the greatest determinants of the type of vegetation found in the habitat. Holdridge uses four axes to determine the 30 provinces called "moisture", which is clearly visible in the diagram. Although this scheme ignores exposure to land and sun, Holdridge acknowledges that this is important.

Allee (1949) bioma-type

Main Biome-types by Allee (1949):

• Tundra
• Taiga
• Fall forest
• Grasslands
• Desert
• plateau
• Tropical forest
• Minor terrestrial bioma

Kendeigh Monastery (1961)

The main biome of the world by Kendeigh (1961):

• Terrestrial
  • The fall forest gradually
  • Coniferous forest
  • Forests
  • Chaparral
  • Tundra
  • Pasture
  • Desert
  • Tropical savanna
  • Tropical forest
• Marine
  • Plankton and oceanic nekton
  • Balanoid-gastropod-thallophyte
  • Pelecypod-annelid
  • Coral reef

Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) type biome

Whittaker classifies biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. The scheme can be seen as a simplification of Holdridge; more accessible, but less specificity of Holdridge.

Whittaker bases his approach on theoretical statements and empirical sampling. He was in a unique position to make a holistic statement because he had previously compiled a bioma classification review.

Key definitions for understanding Whittaker schemes

• Physiognomy: real characteristics, external features, or the appearance of ecological communities or species.
• Biome: grouping terrestrial ecosystems on certain continents similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, environmental features and characteristics of their animal community.
• Formation: the main species of plant communities in a particular continent.
• Biome-type: grouping of converging biomes or formations from different continents, determined by physiognomy.
• Formation-type: grouping of convergent formations.

Whittaker differences between biomes and formations can be simplified: formations are used when applied to plant communities only, while biomes are used when concerned with plants and animals. The Whittaker Convention on the type of biome or type of formation is only a broader method of categorizing similar communities.

Whittaker parameter to classify biome-type

Whittaker, who sees the need for a simpler way of expressing the relationship of community structure to the environment, uses what he calls "gradient analysis" of the ecocline pattern to link communities to the world's climate. Whittaker is considered the four major ecoclines in the terrestrial world.

1. Intertidal Levels: Wet gradients from areas exposed to alternating water and drought with varying intensities based on location from high to low
2. Climatic moisture gradient
3. Temperature gradient by altitude
4. Gradation of temperature by latitude

Throughout this gradient, Whittaker notes several trends that allow him to qualitatively form a biome-type:

• The gradient runs from profitable to extreme, with corresponding changes in productivity.
• The changes in physiognomic complexity vary with how beneficial the environment is (the decline in community structure and the reduction in stratum differentiation as the environment becomes less favorable).
• Trends in the diversity of structures follow the trend of species diversity; the diversity of alpha and beta species decreases from favorable to extreme environments.
• Any form of growth (ie grass, shrubs, etc.) has a very important characteristic place along the ecological line.
• The same form of growth may be dominant in similar environments in different parts of the world.

Whittaker sums the gradient effects of (3) and (4) to obtain an overall temperature gradient, and combines this with a gradient (2), a moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the Whittaker classification scheme. This scheme describes the mean annual rainfall (x-axis) compared to the mean annual temperature (y-axis) to classify the biome-type.

Biome-types

1. Tropical rain forest
2. Seasonal tropical rainforests
   • fall
   • semi permanent
3. Giant rainforest that is
4. Montane rainforest
5. The fall forest gradually
6. The forest is always green
   • needleleaf
   • sclerofil
7. Subarctic-subalpin jungum forest (taiga)
8. Elfin woodland
9. Forest and forest
10. Thorn scrub
11. The forest is
12. Plains of bushes
    • fall
    • health
    • sclerofil
    • subalpine-needleleaf
    • subalpine-broadleaf
13. Savanna
14. Prairie plains
15. Alpine meadows
16. Tundra
17. Tropical desert
18. warm temperate desert
19. Cool temperate bush
20. arctic-alpine desert
21. Bog
22. Tropical freshwater swamp forest
23. Remodel the freshwater swamp forest
24. The mangrove swamp
25. Salt swamp
26. Wetlands

Goodall (1974-) ecosystem type

... The multiauthored series The world ecosystem , edited by David W. Goodall, provides a comprehensive coverage of the "primary ecosystem or biome" type on earth:

Walter_ (1976, _2002) _zonobiomes "> Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes

The Heinrich Walter classification scheme that was mentioned eponymously would consider seasonal temperatures and precipitation. The system, also assessing rainfall and temperature, found nine major types of biomes, with important climatic and vegetation characteristics. The boundaries of each biome correlate with the humidity and cold pressure conditions which are the strong determinants of the plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as floods in swamps, can create different types of communities within the same biome.

Schultz (1988) ecozones

Schultz (1988) defines nine ecozones (note that his concept of ecozone is more similar to the biome concept used in this article than the ecozone concept of the BBC):

1. polar/subpolar zone
2. boreal zone
3. moist middle latitude
4. the arid middle line
5. tropical/subtropical dry land
6. subtropical Mediterranean type
7. the seasonal tropical area
8. subtropical moist
9. the humid tropics
Bailey (1989) ekoregion

Robert G. Bailey nearly developed the ecoregion biogeographic classification system for the United States in a map published in 1976. He then expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into seven domains (polar, moist, dry, moist, and humid tropical), with further divisions based on other climatic characteristics (subarctic, medium warm, temperate, subtropical, marine and continental, lowland and mountain).

• 100 Polar Domains
  • 120 Tundra Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: Ft)
  • M120 Tundra DivisionÃ, - Mountain Province
  • 130 Subarctic Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: E)
  • Subarctic M130 Division - Mountain Province
• 200 Humid Temperate Domains
  • 210 Warm Continental Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: portion of Dcb)
  • M210 Continental Division Warm - Mountain Province
  • 220 Hot Continental Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: DCA portion)
  • M220 Hot Continental Division - Mountain Provinces
  • 230 Subtropical Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: servings Cf)
  • M230 Subtropical Division - Mountain Provinces
  • 240 Marine Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: Do)
  • M240 Marine Division - Mountain Province
  • 250 Prairie Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: arid part of Cf, Dca, Dcb)
  • 260 Mediterranean Division (KÃÆ'¶ppen: Cs)
  • M260 Mediterranean Division - Mountain Provinces
• 300 Dried Domains
  • 310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division
  • M310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division - Mountain Provinces
  • 320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division
  • 330 Curve Fever Section
  • 340 Division Descriptions
• 400 Tropical Tropics are Wet
  • 410 Savanna Division
  • 420 Rainforest Division

Olson & amp; _Dinerstein_ (1998) _biomes_for_WWF _/_ Global_200 "> Olson & amp; Bias Dinerstein (1998) for WWF/Global 200

A team of biologists organized by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divides the world's land area into a biogeography region (called "ecozones" in the BBC scheme), and this becomes ecoregion (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a major biome (also called the main habitat type).

This classification is used to define a global list of 200 ecoregions identified by WWF as a priority for conservation.

For terrestrial ecoregions, there is a specific EcoID, XXnnNN format (XX is biogeography domain, nn is biome number, NN is individual number).

Nature biogeography (terrestrial and fresh water)

• NA: Nearctic
• PA: Palearctic
• AT: Afrotropic
• IM: Indomalaya
• AA: Australasia
• NT: Neotropic
• OC: Oceania
• AN: Antarctica

The application of the above world scheme - based on Udvardy (1975) - for most freshwater taxis is not solved.

Nature biogeography (sea)

• Arctic
• North Atlantic climates
• Temperate in the North Pacific
• Tropical Atlantic
• Western Indo-Pacific
• Central Indo-Pacific
• Eastern Indo-Pacific
• Tropical Eastern Pacific
• South American temperate
• South African temperate
• The temperate Australasia
• Southern Ocean

Bioma (terrestrial)

1. Subtropical and subtropical wet leaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
2. Tropical and subtropical dry leafy forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
3. Tropical and subtropical conifer forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
4. Large leafy and mixed forest (temperate, humid)
5. Coniferous forest medium (temperate, humid to semihumid)
6. Boreal/taiga forest (subarctic, moist)
7. Tropical and subtropical meadows, savannahs and shrubs (tropical and subtropical, semi-arid)
8. Plains of grasslands, savannas and shrubs (temperate, semi-arid)
9. Grasslands and flooded savannahs (tropical, fresh or brackish water flooded)
10. Pastures and shrubs (mountain climate or alpine)
11. Tundra (Arctic)
12. Mediterranean forests, forests, and scrubs or sclerofil forests (medium warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
13. Desert and xeric (temperate to tropical, arid)
14. Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, saltwater flooded)

Bioma (fresh water)

According to WWF, the following are classified as fresh water biomes:

• Great lake
• Large delta river
• Polar Freshwaters
• Montane's fresh water
• The coastal river is
• Breast feeding floodplains and wetlands
• Climate in the highland river
• Tropical and subtropical coastal rivers
• Floodplain river and tropical and subtropical wetlands
• Highland tropical and subtropical rivers
• Xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins
• Marine Island

Biomes (marine)

Coastal and continental biomes (neritic zone):

• Polar
• Temperament shelves and seas
• Upped up
• Tropical improvement
• Tropical Coral

Summary schema

• Biosphere
  • Natural biogeography (terrestrial) (8)
    • Ecoregions (867), each characterized by a primary biome type (14)
      • Ecosystem (biotop)
• Biosphere
  • Natural biogeography (fresh water) (8)
    • Ecoregions (426), each characterized by a primary biome type (12)
      • Ecosystem (biotop)
• Biosphere
  • Natural biogeography (ocean) (12)
    • (Sea province) (62)
      • Ecoregions (232), each characterized by the main biome type (5)
        • Ecosystem (biotop)

Example:

• Biosphere
  • Natural biogeography: Palearctic
    • Ecoregion: mixed mountain forest (PA0418); biome type: broadleaf forest and mixed forest
      • Ecosystem: Orjen, vegetation belt between 1,100-1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
        • Biotope: Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk. (List of plants)
          • Plants: Silver pine ( Abies alba )

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Other bioma

Marine biomes

Pruvot (1896) zone or "system":

• The litoral zone
• Pelagic zone
• Abyssal zone

Longhurst (1998) biome:

• Coastal
• Polar
• Wind trade
• Western

Other types of marine habitats (not yet covered by the Global 200/WWF scheme):

• Open sea
• Deep sea
• Hydrothermal ventilation
• Cold seepage
• The benthic zone
• Pelagic zone (trade and sea breeze)
• Abyssal
• Hadits (sea trenches)
• Littoral/Intertidal Zone
• Kelp Forest
• Ice pack

Anthropogenic Bioma

Humans have changed the global pattern of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Consequently, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biomass systems are no longer observable on most of the Earth's surface because they have been replaced by plants and grasslands or towns. Anthropogenic biomes provide an alternative view of terrestrial biosphere based on a global pattern of sustainable human interaction directly with ecosystems, including agriculture, human settlements, urbanization, forestry and other land uses. Anthropogenic biomes offer a new way forward in ecology and conservation by recognizing the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems on a global scale and moving us toward an understanding of how best to live and manage our biosphere and the anthropogenic biomes in which we live.

Main anthropogenic bios:

• dense residential
• Farmland
• Rangelands
• In the Forest
• Indoor

Microbial Bioma

Endolitic bioma

Endolytic biomes, which are composed entirely of microscopic life within pores and crevices, several kilometers below the surface, have recently been discovered, and do not fit most classification schemes.

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See also

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References

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External links

• "Biomes". The Earth Encyclopedia. Ã,
• The world bioma (Missouri Botanic Garden)
• Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map
• WorldBiomes.com is a site that includes 5 major world biomes species: aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, and tundra.
• UWSP online textbook Physical Environment : Ã, - Earth Biology
• Panda.org's Habitats - describes 14 major land habitats, 7 major freshwater habitats, and 5 major marine habitats.
• Panda.org's Habitats SimplifiedÃ, - provides a simplified explanation for the 10 major terrestrial and aquatic habitat types.
• UCMP Berkeley The World's BiomesÃ, - provides a list of characteristics for multiple biomes and climate statistical measurements.
• Gale/Cengage has an excellent Biome An overview of terrestrial, aquatic, and man-made biomes with a special focus on the original tree for each, and has a detailed description of deserts, rainforests, and wetland biomes.
• Islands Of Wildness, North American Lands of Nature by Jim Bones, a video on continental biomes and climate change.
• Dreams Of The Earth, Love Song For The Troubled Planet by Jim Bones, poetic video of North American biomes and climate change.
• NASA's Earth Observation Mission: The biome gives examples of each biome described in detail and provides a scientific measure of the climatic statistics that define each biome.

Source of the article : Wikipedia