Dubai ( "English respelling pronunciation"> doo- BYE ; Arabic: ??? ? Dubay , Gulf pronunciation: [d? 'b? j ] ) is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). On the southeastern coast of the Persian Gulf, it is the capital city of Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the country.
Dubai is a global city and business center in the Middle East. It is also a major transportation hub for passengers and cargo. Oil revenues help speed up the city's early development, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low: today, less than 5% of the emirate's revenues come from oil. Dubai's economy now relies on revenue from tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services.
Dubai has attracted worldwide attention through major construction projects and sporting events, in particular the tallest building in the world, Burj Khalifa. Dubai has been criticized for human rights abuses against the vast majority of South and Filipino workers in the city.
In 2012, Dubai is the most expensive city in the Middle East. In 2014, hotel rooms in Dubai are rated as the second most expensive in the world.
Video Dubai
Etymology
Many theories have been put forward about the origin of the word "Dubai". The first theory and most likely to say that Dubai is the Arabic form of the Persian word "Dopey" which means "two bases" and refers to the inlet (???) that passes through the City and divides it into two parts. Another theory shows that word is used to describe souq , which is similar to souq in Ba. An Arabic proverb says " Daba Dubai " (Arabic: ????? ?), Which means "They come with a lot of money. " According to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the history and culture of the UAE, Dubai's word may come from the word daba (Arabic: ??? ?) (the previous derivative of yadub (Arabic: ??? ?), meaning "for creep"), referring on the slow flow of Dubai Creek to the mainland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traced them in the same word, but to the alternative meaning of "baby locusts" (Arabic: spaced languish because of the nature of grasshoppers which is abundant in the area before the settlement. The original inhabitants of the city are Dubaian .
Maps Dubai
History
Although stone tools have been found in many archaeological sites, little is known about the early population of the UAE as only a few settlements were found. Many ancient cities in the area are the center of commerce between the East and the West. Remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer ditches near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago when the coast retreated into the interior, becoming part of the city's current coastline. Pre-Islamic ceramics have been discovered since the 3rd and 4th centuries. Before the introduction of Islam into the area, people in this region worshiped Bajir (or Bajar ). After the spread of Islam in the region, the Umayyad Caliphs of the eastern Islamic world invaded southern-eastern Arabia and drove out the Sassanians. Excavations by the Dubai Museum in Al-Jumayra region (Jumeirah) uncovered several artifacts from the Umayyad period.
The earliest mention recorded in Dubai is in 1095 in the Book of Geography by Andalusian-Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al-Bakri. Venetian pearl merchant Gasparo Balbi visited the area in 1580 and called Dubai (Dibei ) to his craft industry.
Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village in the early 18th century and, in 1822, a city of about 7-800 members of the Baniyas tribe and subject to Sheikh Tahnoon's rule of Abu Dhabi.
In 1833, after tribal feuds, members of the Al Bu Falasa tribe broke away from Abu Dhabi and settled in Dubai. Exodus from Abu Dhabi led by Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti who became the co-leader of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836, leaving Maktum to establish the Maktoum dynasty.
Dubai signed the first agreement of Perpetual Maritime Truce in 1820 along with other Trucial States, followed by a further agreement in 1853. This also - like its neighboring Trucial Coast - signed a treaty of exclusivity in which Britain took responsibility for the emirate's security in 1892.
Two disasters struck the city during the 1800s. First, in 1841, a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai area, forcing the population to move east to Deira. Then, in 1894, the fire swept through Deira, burning most of the house. However, the city's geographical location continues to attract merchants and traders from across the region. Emir Dubai is interested in attracting foreign merchants and lowering trade taxes, which lured traders from Sharjah and Bandar Lengeh, the main trading hub of the region at the time. Persian merchants naturally look to the Arabian Gulf coast of Persia finally make their home in Dubai. They continue to trade with Lingah, however, as did many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today, and they named their district Bastakiya, after the Bastak region in southern Persia.
Dubai pre-oil
The geographic proximity of Dubai to Iran makes it an important trading location. The city of Dubai is an important port for foreign traders, especially those from Iran, many of whom eventually settled in the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.
Dubai is known for its pearl exports until the 1930s; the pearl trade was marred by the Great Depression in the 1930s and the innovation of pearl cultivation. With the collapse of the pearl industry, Dubai fell into deep depression and many populations starved or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf.
In the early days of the beginning Dubai was always against Abu Dhabi. In 1947, border disputes between Dubai and Abu Dhabi in the northern sector of their joint border increased to war. Arbitration by the United Kingdom and the establishment of buffer borders leading to the southeast from the shores of Ras Hasian resulted in temporary cessation of hostility.
Despite the oil shortage, Dubai's ruler from 1958, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, used income from trade activities to build infrastructure. Private companies are established to build and operate infrastructure, including electricity, telephone and port services and airport operators. An airport (runway built on a salt plain) was established in Dubai in the 1950s and, in 1959, the emirate's first hotel, Hotel Airlines, was built. This was followed by Ambassador and Carlton Hotel in 1968.
On April 7, 1961, Dubai-based MV Dara, a British five-thousand-ton vessel carrying a route between Basra (Iraq), Kuwait, and Bombay (India), was caught in a very high wind off the coast of Dubai. Early the next morning at sea off Umm al-Quwain, an explosion ripped through a second-class cabin and started a fire. The captain gave orders to leave the ship but two lifeboats were turned upside down and a second explosion occurred. A small ship fleet from Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, and Umm al-Quwain picked up survivors but in all 238 lives lost in the disaster.
In 1962 the UK Political Agent noted that "Many new homes and blocks of offices and flats are being built... Rulers are determined, against [UK's] suggestion to press with the construction of jet airports... More and more European and Arab companies are opening and the future looks bright. "
In 1962, with spending on infrastructure projects already approaching a level of some unwise thought, Sheikh Rashid approached his brother-in-law, the Qatari Ruler, for a loan to build the first bridge across the river Dubai. This intersection was completed in May 1963 and paid with the toll imposed at the intersection of the Dubai side from the river to the Deira side.
BOAC was initially reluctant to start regular flights between Bombay and Dubai, fearing a lack of demand for seats. However, at the time of the asphalt foundation of Dubai Airport built in 1965, opening Dubai for both regional and long hauling traffic, a number of foreign airlines competed for landing rights. In 1970 a new airport terminal building was built which included Dubai's first duty-free shops.
Oil era
After years of exploration after major discoveries in neighboring Abu Dhabi, oil was finally found in territorial waters in Dubai in 1966, albeit in a much smaller amount. The first field is named 'Fateh' or 'good luck'. This led to the emirate granting concessions to international oil companies, causing a large influx of foreign workers, mainly Asians and the Middle East. Between 1968 and 1975 the city's population grew by more than 300%.
As part of an infrastructure to pump and transport oil from the Fateh field, located off the coast of Jebel Ali area in Dubai, some 50,000 gallon storage tanks are built, known locally as 'Kazzans', by welding them together on the beach and then digging them and floats them to fall to the bottom of the sea in the field Fateh. It was built by Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, which gave the name of the local beach (Chicago Beach) to Chicago Beach Hotel was destroyed and replaced by Jumeirah Beach Hotel in the late 1990s.
Dubai has embarked on a period of infrastructure development and expansion. Oil revenues, flowing from 1969 onwards supported a period of growth with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of building a diversified infrastructure and economic trade before the emirate's limited reserves were exhausted. Oil accounted for 24% of GDP in 1990, but it has been reduced to 7% of GDP in 2004.
Critically, one of Sheikh Rashid's first major projects began when oil revenues began to flow was the construction of Rashid Port, a deep water-free port built by British company Halcrow. Originally intended to be a four berthing port, it was extended to sixteen places as construction was underway. The project was a tremendous success, with a shipping queue to access the new facility. The port was inaugurated on October 5, 1972, although each berth began to be used as soon as it was built. The Port of Rashid will be expanded further in 1975 to add 35 berths again before the large Jebel Ali port was built.
Port Rashid is the first of many projects designed to create modern commerce infrastructure, including roads, bridges, schools and hospitals.
Reaching the Union Act of UAE
Dubai and other "trucial countries" have long been British protectorates in which the British take care of foreign policy and defense, and mediate the rulers of the East Gulf. This was a change with the announcement of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, on January 16, 1968, that all British troops were withdrawn from 'East Aden'. The decision to launch the coastal emirate, along with Qatar and Bahrain, into hot talks to fill the political vacuum left by the British withdrawal.
The principle of unity was first agreed between Abu Dhabi's ruler Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 met at a camp in Argoub Al Sedirah, near Al Semeih, a desert stalemate between two emirates. Both agreed to work bringing other emirates, including Qatar and Bahrain, into the union. Over the next two years, the negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed - booming - as a form of dispossessed unity. The union of nine countries never recovered from the October 1969 meeting in which harsh British interference resulted in a walk-out by Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah. Bahrain and Qatar had to get out of the talks, leaving six emirates to agree on unions on July 18, 1971.
On December 2, 1971, Dubai, along with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Fujairah joined the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates. The seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the UAE on February 10, 1972, after the annexation of Iran on the island of Tunbs claimed by RAK.
In 1973, Dubai joined other emirates to adopt a uniform currency: UAE Dirham. In the same year, the previous monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and UAE Dirhams were introduced throughout the Emirates.
Dubai Modern
During the 1970s, Dubai continued to grow from oil and trade revenues, even as the city witnessed the influx of immigrants fleeing Lebanon's civil war. The border dispute between the emirate continues even after the establishment of the UAE; only in 1979 was a formal compromise that ended the dispute. Jebel Ali Port was established in 1979. JAFZA (Jebel Ali Free Zone) was built around the harbor in 1985 to provide unlimited imports of labor and export capital to foreign companies. Dubai airport and aviation industry also continued to grow.
The 1990 Gulf War had a negative financial effect on the city, as depositors withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade, but later, the city recovered in a changing and evolving political climate. Then in the 1990s, many foreign trade communities - first from Kuwait, during the Gulf War, and then from Bahrain, during the Shi'ite riots - moved their business to Dubai. Dubai provided a refueling base for the allied forces in the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War, and again during the 2003 Iraq Invasion. The large increase in oil prices after the Gulf War prompted Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism.
Geography
Dubai is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the United Arab Emirates and approximately at sea level (16 m or 52 feet above). The Emirate of Dubai borders Abu Dhabi to the south, Sharjah to the northeast, and the Sultanate of Oman to the southeast. Hatta, the minor exclave of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman (in the west) and Ras Al Khaimah (in the north). The Persian Gulf borders the west coast of the emirate. Dubai is positioned on 25.2697 Â ° N 55.3095 Â ° E / 25.2697; 55,3095 spans an area of ​​1,588 sqmin (4,110 km 2 ), which represents a significant extension beyond the initial 1,500 sqÃ, mi (3,900 km 2 ) designation due to land reclamation from the sea.
Dubai is located directly in the Arabian Desert. However, Dubai's topography is significantly different from the southern part of the UAE in many of Dubai's landscapes highlighted by sandy desert patterns, while the gravel desert dominates much of the country's southern region. Sand consists mostly of crushed shells and corals and is fine, clean and white. The eastern city, salt-filled coastal plains, known as sabkha, give way to the north-south sand dune line. Further east, the sand dunes grow bigger and are colored red with iron oxide.
The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains, which run along the Dubai border with Oman at Hatta. The Western Hajar chain has an arid, jagged and devastated landscape, whose mountains reach about 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) in some places. Dubai has no river body or natural oasis; However, Dubai does have a natural inlet, Dubai Creek, which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large ships to skip. Dubai also has many canyons and waterholes, located at the base of the mountains of Al Hajar Barat. The vast sea of ​​sand covers much of southern Dubai and eventually leads to a desert known as The Empty Quarter. Seismically, Dubai is in a very stable zone - the nearest seismic fault line, Zagros Fault, is 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the UAE and is unlikely to have a seismic impact in Dubai. Experts also estimated that the probability of a tsunami in the region was minimal as the Persian Gulf waters were not deep enough to trigger a tsunami.
The sandy desert surrounding the city supports weeds and occasional palm trees. The hyacinth desert grew on the Sabkha plains east of the city, while acacia and ghaf grew on flat plains near the Western Al Hajar mountains. Some native trees such as date palms and neem trees as well as imported trees such as eucalyptus grow in the natural park of Dubai. The houbara bustard, striped hyena, caracal, desert fox, falcon and Arabic oryx are common in the Dubai desert. Dubai is on a migration path between Europe, Asia and Africa, and over 320 species of birds migrate past the emirates in spring and fall. The waters of Dubai are home to over 300 species of fish, including hammour. Typical marine life off the coast of Dubai includes tropical fish, jellyfish, corals, dugongs, dolphins, whales and sharks. Various types of turtles can also be found in areas including hawksbill and green turtles, which are listed as endangered species.
Dubai Creek flows to the northeast-southwest through the city. The eastern part of the city forms the Deira region and is flanked by the emirates of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south. Dubai International Airport is located in the south of Deira, while Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf. Most of Dubai's booming real estate is concentrated west of Dubai Creek, in the Jumeirah beach belt. Port Rashid, Jebel Ali, Burj Al Arab, Palm Jumeirah and theme-based free zone groups such as Business Bay are all located in this section. Dubai is famous for its artificial man-made island complex including the Palm Islands and the World Islands.
Climate
Dubai has a hot desert climate. Summer in Dubai is very hot, windy, and humid, with an average height of about 41 Ã,  ° C (106Ã,  ° F) and an overnight low around 30Ã,  ° C (86Ã,  ° F) in the hottest month , August. Most sunny days of the year. Winter is warm with an average height of 24Ã, ° C (75Ã,  ° F) and an overnight low of 14Ã, ° C (57Ã,  ° F) in January, the coldest month. Rainfall, however, has increased in recent decades, with rain accumulation reaching 94.3 mm (3.71 in) per year. Summer in Dubai is also known for its extremely high humidity levels, which can make it very uncomfortable for many people with dewy dots that are very high in summer. The highest recorded temperature in the UAE was 52.1  ° C (126  ° F), reached in July 2002.
Governance and politics
Dubai has been ruled by the Al Maktoum family since 1833; the emirate is an absolute monarchy without election (other than a few thousand Dubai citizens who participate in college elections for the UAE Federal National Council). Ruler, Venerable Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, also Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and member of the Supreme Council of Unity (SCU). Dubai appoints 8 members in a two-period period to the Federal National Council (FNC) of the UAE, the highest federal legislature.
Dubai Municipality (DM) was founded by the ruler of Dubai, Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, in 1954 for urban planning, citizen services and maintenance of local facilities. The DM is chaired by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the deputy ruler of Dubai, and consists of several departments such as the Department of the Road, the Department of Planning and Surveys, the Environment and the Department of Public Health and the Department of Financial Affairs. In 2001, Dubai Municipality started an e-Government project with the goal of providing its city's 40 services through its web portal, [dubai.ae]. The thirteen services were launched in October 2001, while several other services are expected to operate in the future. The city of Dubai is also responsible for sanitation infrastructure and urban sewerage.
The UAE has the Minister of Happiness, appointed by Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum. The UAE has also appointed the Minister of Tolerance to promote tolerance as a fundamental value of the UAE, a country full of diverse religions and ethnicities, as well as the Minister for Youth Affairs.
Law enforcement
The Dubai Police Force, founded in 1956 in the Naive region, has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate. This power is under the direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum.
Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not comply with the federal court system of the United Arab Emirates. The emirate court of justice consists of the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation. The First Tribunal consists of the Civil Court, which hears all civil suits; The Criminal Court, which hears claims derived from police complaints; and the Sharia Court, which is responsible for matters between Muslims. Non-Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court. The Cassation Court is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes only in legal matters.
Sharia Law
Kissing in certain places is illegal and can lead to deportation. Sometimes, certain narrow exceptions to Islamic law are made for non-Muslim adults. Non-Muslim adults are permitted to consume alcohol in a licensed place, usually within a hotel, or at home with an alcohol license. Restaurants outside the hotel in Dubai are usually not allowed to sell alcohol. Like other parts of the world, drinking and driving is illegal.
Human rights
Human rights organizations have strongly condemned human rights abuses in Dubai. In a famous case, a Norwegian businessman who claimed to have been raped was arrested and sentenced to sixteen months in prison for having sex outside of marriage.
Some of the 250,000 foreign workers in the city allegedly live in the conditions described by Human Rights Watch as "inhuman". Persecution of foreign workers is the subject of a difficult documentary,
Freedom of speech in Dubai is limited, with citizens and citizens facing tougher government sanctions for speaking against the royal family or local laws and cultures.
Demographics
Ethnic and language
According to a census conducted by the Dubai Statistics Center, emirate population was 1,771,000 in 2009, including 1,370,000 men and 401,000 women. As of June 2017, the population is 2,789,000. This area covers 1,287.5 square kilometers (497.1 sq./a mi). Population density is 408.18/km 2 - more than eight times that of all countries. Dubai is the second most expensive city in the region and the 20th most expensive city in the world.
By 2013, only about 15% of the emirate's population is composed of UAE citizens, with the remainder made up of expatriates, many of whom have been in the country for generations or were born in the UAE. Approximately 85% of the expatriate population (and 71% of the total emirate population) are Asian, mainly Indian (51%) and Pakistan (16%); Other significant Asian groups include Bangladesh (9%) and Philippines (3%). There is a sizeable Somali community of about 30,000, as well as other communities of different nationalities. A quarter of the population (local and foreign) are reported to be tracking their origin to Iran. In addition, 16% of the population (or 288,000 people) living in collective labor accommodation are not identified by ethnicity or nationality, but are considered primarily Asian. There are more than 100,000 British expatriates in Dubai, by far the largest group of Western expatriates in the city. The average age in the emirate is about 27 years. By 2014, an estimated 15.54 births and 1.99 deaths per 1,000 people. There are other Arab citizens, including GCC citizens.
Arabic is the national and official language of the United Arab Emirates. The Arabic Gulf Dialect is spoken by the Emirati people. English is used as a second language. Other major languages ​​spoken in Dubai for immigration are Malayalam, Hindi-Urdu (or Hindustani), Gujarati, Persian, Sindhi, Tamil, Punjabi, Pashto, Bengali, Balochi, Tulu, Kannada, Sinhala, Marathi, Telugu, Tagalog and Chinese, in addition to many other languages.
Religion
Article 7 of the Provisional Constitution of the UAE declares Islam as the official religion of the state in the UAE. The government subsidizes nearly 95% of mosques and employs all Imams; about 5% of the mosques are completely private, and some of the larger mosques have large private waqfs. All mosques in Dubai are managed by the Department of Islamic Charities and Activities also known as "Wakaf" under the Government of Dubai and all Imams are appointed by the Government. Anyone who preaches racism, religious hatred or promotes religious extremism is usually imprisoned and deported.
Minorities
Dubai also has a Christian community, Hindu, Sikh, Bahá''ÃÆ', Buddhist and other major religions living in the city.
Non-Muslim groups can have their own houses of worship, where they can practice their religion freely, by asking for land grants and permission to build a complex. Groups that do not own buildings must use the facilities of other religious organizations or worship in private homes. Non-Muslim religious groups are allowed to advertise group functions openly and distribute religious literature. However, direct reporting is strictly prohibited under the threat of criminal prosecution, imprisonment and deportation for engaging in offensive behavior. Catholics are served pastoral by the Apostolic Vicariate of South Arabia. British pastor Rev. Andrew Thompson claims that the United Arab Emirates is one of the most tolerant places in the world against Christians, and that it is easier to be a Christian in the UAE than in Britain.
Economy
One of the fastest growing economies in the world, Dubai's gross domestic product is projected at US $ 107.1 billion, with a growth rate of 6.1% in 2014. Although some of the core elements of Dubai's trading infrastructure are built behind the oil industry, oil and natural gas less than 5% of emirate income. It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels (7,900 to 11,100 m 3 ) of oil per day and large amounts of gas from offshore fields. The emirate's share in total UAE gas revenues is about 2%. Dubai's oil reserves have been significantly reduced and are expected to run out in 20 years. Real estate and construction (22.6%), trade (16%), entrepÃÆ'Â't (15%) and financial services (11%) are the biggest contributors to the Dubai economy.
Dubai's non-oil foreign trade reached $ 362 billion in 2014. Of the total trading volume, imports have the largest share of $ 230 billion while exports and exports back to the emirate totaled $ 31 billion and $ 101 billion.
By 2014, China has emerged as Dubai's largest international trade partner, totaling $ 47.7 billion in trade flows, up 29% from 2013. India ranks second among Dubai's main trading partners with trading of $ 29.7 billion, followed by the United States at $ 22.62 billion. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is Dubai's fourth global partner and the first in the GCC and the Arab world with a total trade value of $ 14.2 billion. Trade with Germany in 2014 reached $ 12.3, Switzerland and Japan, both at $ 11.72 billion and British trade at $ 10.9 billion.
Historically, Dubai and its twin at Dubai Creek, Deira (independent of Dubai City at the time), is an important port for Western producers. Most new city banking and finance centers are based in the harbor area. Dubai defended its interests as a trade route during the 1970s and 1980s. Dubai had a gold free trade and, until the 1990s, was the center of the "rapid smuggling trade" of gold bars to India, where gold imports were restricted. Dubai Jebel Ali port, built in 1970, has the world's largest man-made port and is ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports. Dubai is also a center of service industries such as information and financial technology, with industry-specific free zones across the city. Dubai Internet City, combined with Dubai Media City as part of TECOM (Dubai Technologies, Electronic Commerce, and Free Zone Media Authority), is one of these enclaves whose members include IT companies such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Google, EMC Corporation, Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, Dell and IBM, and media organizations such as MBC, CNN, BBC, Reuters, Sky News, and AP.
The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based economy, which relies on oil to service-oriented economies and tourism makes property more valuable, generating property appreciation from 2004 to 2006. The long-term valuations of the Dubai property market, however, show depreciation; some properties lost as much as 64% of their value from 2001 to November 2008. Large-scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the highest skyscrapers and the largest projects in the world such as the Emirates Tower, Burj Khalifa, the Palm Islands and most expensive hotels, the Burj Al Arab. The Dubai property market suffered a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate. At the beginning of 2009, the situation has deteriorated with the Great Recession which cost many lives on property, construction and employment. This has had a major impact on property investors in the region, some of which can not spend money from investments made in property development. In February 2009, Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at about $ 80 billion, although this is a small part of the country's debt around the world. Dubai real estate and property expert The UAE believes that by avoiding mistakes in the past, Dubai's realty market can achieve stability in the future.
Dubai Financial Market (DFM) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for securities and bond trading, both local and foreign. Until the fourth quarter of 2006, the volume of trade reached about 400 billion pieces, worth a total of $ 95 billion. DFM has a market capitalization of about $ 87 billion. Another Dubai-based stock market is NASDAQ Dubai, which is an international stock exchange in the Middle East. This enables various companies, including UAE and small and medium-sized companies, to trade in exchange with international brand names, with access by regional and international investors.
The DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodities Center) was established in 2002. It is the fastest growing free zone in the world and nominated as the "2016 Global Free Zone" by The Financial Times fDi Magazine.
Dubai is also known as Golden City, since the main part of the economy is based on gold trading, with Dubai's total gold trading volume in H1 2011 reaching 580 tons, with an average price of US $ 1,455 per troy ounce.
The Mayor City Survey placed Dubai 44th among the best financial cities in the world in 2007, while other reports by City Mayor indicates that Dubai is the 27th richest city in the world by 2012, in terms of parity purchasing power (PPP). Dubai is also an international financial center (IFC) and has ranked 37th in the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2007), and first in the Middle East. Since opening in September 2004, Dubai IFC has attracted, as a regional center, leading international companies and established NASDAQ Dubai listing equities, derivatives, structured products, sharia bonds (sukuk) and other bonds. The Dubai IFC model is an independent risk-based regulator with a legislative system consistent with UK common law.
In 2012, the Global City Competitiveness Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Dubai as No. 1. 40 with a total score of 55.9. According to a 2013 research report on future city competitiveness, by 2025, Dubai will rise to the 23rd overall position in the Index. The Indians, followed by the British and Pakistani are the main foreign investors in Dubai realty.
Dubai has launched several major projects to support its economy and develop various sectors. These include Dubai Fashion 2020, and the Dubai Design District, expected to be home to prominent local and international designers. The first AED 4 billion phase of the project will be completed by January 2015.
Tourism and retail
Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government's strategy to maintain foreign cash flows to the emirate. Dubai's attractions for tourists are mainly based on shopping, but also on the possession of other ancient and modern attractions. In 2013, Dubai is the seventh most visited city in the world based on air traffic and the fastest growing, rising by 10.7%. Dubai hosts over 14.9 million overnight visitors by 2016, and is expected to reach 20 million tourists by 2020.
Dubai is referred to as "a shopping center in the Middle East". Dubai itself has more than 70 shopping centers, including the world's largest shopping mall, Dubai Mall. Dubai is also known for its traditional souk district located on both sides of the creek. Traditionally, dhows from East Asia, China, Sri Lanka, and India will clear their cargo and items will be bargained in the souks adjacent to the pier. Dubai Creek plays an important role in sustaining the lives of people in the city and is a resource that initially drives an economic boom in Dubai. In September 2013, Dubai Creek has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Many boutiques and jewelry stores are also found in the city. Dubai is also called the "Golden City" because Gold Souk in Deira has nearly 250 gold retail stores.
Dubai Creek Park in Dubai Creek also plays an important role in Dubai tourism as it displays some of Dubai's most famous sights such as Dolphinarium, Cable Car, Camel Ride, Horse Carriage, and Exotic Birds Shows.
Dubai has various parks like Safa park, Mushrif park, Hamriya park, etc. Each unique garden is different from the others. Mushrif park displays various homes around the world. A visitor can check the features of the outside architecture as well as the inside of each house.
Some of Dubai's most popular and most beautiful beaches are Umm Suqeim Beach, Al Mamzar Beach Park, JBR Open Beach, Kite Beach, Black Palace Beach and Royal Island Beach Club.
Ski Dubai
Ski Dubai is a large indoor ski facility at Mall of the Emirates, offering snowboarding, skiing lessons, children's play area and café. It opened in November 2005 and became the largest indoor snow park in the world. It is operated by Majid Al Futtaim Leisure & amp; Entertainment.
Expo 2020
On November 2, 2011, four cities have bid for Expo 2020 already submitted, with Dubai making last minute entries. Delegates from the International Bureau of Expositions, who visited Dubai in February 2013 to check the Emirate's willingness to the greatest exposition, were impressed by the infrastructure and the level of national support. In May 2013, the Master Plan of Dubai Expo 2020 was revealed. Dubai then won the right to hold Expo 2020 on November 27, 2013. This event will bring huge economic benefits by generating activities worth billions of dirhams and can create more than 270,000 jobs. The main site of Dubai Expo 2020 will be an area of ​​438 hectares (1,083 hectares), part of Dubai's new urban development, located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi. In addition, Expo 2020 also created various social registration and monetary aid projects for cities targeting the year 2020. Like starting the world's largest solar project, a real estate revival, to focus on GDP growth and make Dubai a "Happy Dubai" people in the city.
Cityscape
Architecture
Dubai has a large collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture can be found here, because of the explosion in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general, and in Dubai in particular, supported not only by Arab or international architectural and architectural design firms such as Al Hashemi and Aedas, but also by the top companies of New York and Chicago. The latest addition to Dubai's magnificent skyline is the Dubai Frame 150 meters (Arabic: ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? It has been described by The Guardian as "the greatest photo frame on the planet" as "the greatest stolen building of all time." It is said that the designer Fernando Donis had his intellectual property stolen and refused credit for the design.As a result of this explosion, modern Islam - and world architecture has really taken to a new level in the design and technology of skyscrapers skyline Dubai now has a skyscraper that is more complete or higher than 3 km (2,200Ã, ft), 1 / 3 Ã, km (1.100Ã, ft), or 1 / 4 Ã, km (820Ã, ft) than other cities.. Culmination point reached in 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa (Tower of Khal ifa), now by far the tallest building in the world at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). The Burj Khalifa design comes from a pattern system embodied in Islamic architecture, with a three-lobed trace of the building based on an abstract version of the original desert flower hymenocallis to the Dubai area. The completion of the Khalifa Tower, after the construction boom that began in the 1980s, accelerated in the 1990s, and took a rapid pace of unparalleled construction in the history of modern humans during the 2000s decade, leaving Dubai with the world's tallest sky as January 4, 2010. Above, Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest observatory deck with open terrace is one of Dubai's most popular tourist attractions, with more than 1.87 million visitors by 2013.
Burj Al Arab
The Burj Al Arab (Arab: ???????, Arabian Tower Tower), a luxury hotel, is often described as the "world's only 7 star", although its management has said it never make that claim. A spokesman for the Jumeirah Group was quoted as saying: "There is not much we can do to stop it, we do not encourage the use of the term, we never use it in our advertisements." The hotel opened in December 1999.
Burj Khalifa
The Burj Khalifa, known as Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a 828-meter skyscraper in Dubai, and the tallest building in the world. The tower is inspired by the desert structure of the Hymenocallis . It was built by over 30 contracting companies around the world with workers from a hundred nationalities. This is an architecture icon. The building opened in 2010.
Artificial Islands
Dubai is home to several manmade islands, most of which were made in the 2000s and 2010s.
Palm Jumeirah
The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial archipelago, created using land reclamation by Nakheel, a company owned by the Dubai government, and designed and developed by Helman Hurley Charvat Peacock/Architects, Inc. This is one of the three islands planned to be called the Palm Islands extending into the Persian Gulf. The Palm Jumeirah is the smallest and original of the three Palm Islands, and is located in the coastal area of ​​Dubai's Jumeirah. Built between 2001 and 2006.
Dubai Miracle Garden
On February 14, 2013, Dubai Miracle Garden, flower garden covering 72,000 meters (236,000 ft), opened in Dubailand. It is the largest flower garden in the world. The park has a total of 45 million interest with reuse of waste water through drip irrigation. During the summer from late May to September when the climate can get very hot with an average height of about 40 ° C (104 ° F), the park remains closed.
Transportation
Transportation in Dubai is controlled by the Road and Transport Authority (RTA), a Dubai government body, formed by a royal decree in 2005. The public transport network in the past faced the congestion and reliability problems that major investment programs have faced, including over AED 70 billion planned repairs completed by 2020, when the city's population is projected to exceed 3.5 million. In 2009, according to Dubai statistics, there were about 1,021,880 cars in Dubai. In January 2010, the number of Dubai residents using public transport reached 6%.
Road
Five major routes - E 11 (Sheikh Zayed Road), E 311 (Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road), E 44 (Dubai-Hatta Highway), E 77 (Dubai-Al Habab Road) and E 66 (Jalan Oud Metha) run through Dubai, connect city to city and other emirates. In addition, several important routes within the city, such as D 89 (Jalan Al Maktoum/Airport), D 85 (Jalan Baniyas), D 75 (Sheikh Rashid Road), D 73 (Al Dhiyafa Road is now referred to as the 2nd December road) D 94 (Jumeirah Road) and D 92 (Al Khaleej/Al Wasl Road) connect various places in the city. The eastern and western parts of the city are linked by Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, Al Shindagha Tunnel, Business Bay Crossing and Floating Bridge.
The Public Transportation Bus System in Dubai is run by RTA. The bus system serves 140 routes and transports over 109 million people in 2008. By the end of 2010, there will be 2,100 buses operating throughout the city. In 2006, the Transport Authority announced the construction of 500 AC Passenger Bus Sanctuaries (AC), and planned for 1,000 more across the emirate in a move to encourage the use of public buses.
All taxi services are licensed by RTA. Dubai Taxi licenses are easily identified by their cream bodywork colors and roof colors vary identifying operators. Dubai Taxi Corporation, a division of RTA, is the largest operator and has a taxi with a red roof. There are five private operators: Metro Taxis (orange roof); Taxi Network (yellow roof); Taxi Car (blue roof); Arabia Taxi (green roof); and City Taxis (violet roof). In addition, Dubai Taxi Corporation has a Ladies Taxi service, with pink roof, which caters specifically for female passengers, using female drivers. Dubai International Airport taxi concession is operated by Dubai Taxi Corporation. There are over 3000 taxis operating in the emirate making an average of 192,000 trips each day, carrying around 385,000 people. In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving about 140.45 million passengers.
Air
Dubai International Airport (IATA: DXB), the hub for Emirates and flydubai, serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country. It is the 3rd busiest airport in the world with passenger traffic handling 83.6 million passengers by 2016. It is also the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic. In addition to being an important passenger traffic center, this airport is the 7th busiest cargo airport in the world, handling 2.37 million cargoes in 2012 Emirates is Dubai's national airline. By 2018, it operates internationally serving more than 150 destinations in more than 70 countries on six continents.
The development of Al Maktoum International Airport (IATA: DWC) was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring a runway capacity of A380, 64 long-range stands, a cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been opened. When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be the world's largest airport with five runways, four terminal buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo.
Metro train
The $ 3.89 billion Dubai Metro project operates. It consists of two lines (Red line and Green line) that runs through the financial and residential areas of the city. The Metro system was partially opened in September 2009. The UK-based international service company, Serco, is responsible for operating the metro. The Metro consists of the Green Line, which has 20 stations (8 underground, 12 elevated) and runs from the Etisalat Station to the Creek and Red Line Station, the main spine line, which has 29 stations (4 underground, 24 high and 1 on the surface land) and walk from Rashidiya Station to Xebel UAE Jebel Ali Station. In July 2016, a contract was awarded to add the branch to the Red Line to the EXPO 2020 site; This extension will open in April 2020. A Blue and a Purple Line has also been planned. Metro Dubai (Green and Blue Line) will have a 70 km (43.5 mi) long track and 43 stations, 37 above ground and ten underground. Metro Dubai is the first urban rail network in the Arabian Peninsula. All trains run without drivers and are based on automatic navigation.
Palm Jumeirah Monorail
The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a monorail line in Palm Jumeirah. It connects Palm Jumeirah to the mainland, with further extensions planned into Dubai's Red Line Metro. The line opened on April 30, 2009. This is the first monorail in the Middle East. Two tram systems are expected to be built in Dubai in 2011. The first is the Burj Khalifa Tram System in the City Center and the second is Tram Al Sufouh. The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4.9 km (2.9Ã, mi) tram service planned to serve the area around the Burj Khalifa, and the second tram will run as far as 14.5 km (9.0 million) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to Burj Al Arab and Mall of the Emirates.
Tram
The tram line located in Al Sufouh, Dubai, will run 14.5 kilometers (9.0 miles) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to Burj Al Arab and Mall of the Emirates with two intersections with Dubai Metro's Red Line. The first section of the 10.6 kilometer (6.6Ã, mi) tram line that serves 11 stations, opened on November 11, 2014, by HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President and Prime Minister and Dubai Ruler, with the opening of the line to the public at 6 am on November 12, 2014.
High speed rails
Dubai has announced it will complete links to the UAE high-speed train system that will eventually be in contact with all GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council, also known as the Cooperation Council for Arab Gulf Countries) and then possibly Europe. High Speed ​​Rail will serve passengers and cargo.
Water channel
There are two major commercial ports in Dubai, Port Rashid and Port Jebel Ali. Port Jebel Ali is the world's largest man-made port, the largest port in the Middle East, and the world's busiest 7-port. One of the more traditional methods to cross Bur Dubai to Deira is by abras , a small boat carrying passengers across Dubai Creek, between abra stations in Bastakiya and Baniyas Road. The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System. The water bus is an air-conditioned boat service across selected destinations across the river. You can also take advantage of the water bus tour facilities in Dubai. The latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi.
Culture
The culture of the UAE mainly revolves around traditional Arabic culture. The influence of Arab and Islamic culture on architecture, music, clothing, cuisine, and lifestyle is particularly prominent. Five times daily, Muslims are called to pray from minarets of mosques scattered across the country. Since 2006, the weekend has been Friday and Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekends Saturday and Sunday. Before 2006, the weekend is Thursday-Friday.
Due to Duba's many tourist approaches in the entrepreneurial sector and high standards of living, Dubai's culture has evolved gradually to luxury, luxury and luxury with high attention to leisure-related luxuries. Annual entertainment events such as Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF) and Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) attracted more than 4 million visitors from across the region and generated revenues of more than $ 2.7 billion.
Dubai is known for its nightlife. Clubs and bars are mostly found in hotels due to liquor laws. The New York Times describes Dubai as "the kind of city where you might meet Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or find Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday party."
The city's cultural footprint as a small, homogeneous ethnic community was dynamically changed with the arrival of ethnic groups and other citizens - first by Iran in the early 1900s, and then by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s. In 2005, 84% of Dubai's metropolitan population was born overseas, about half of India.
Major holidays in Dubai include Eid, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (Dec. 2), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.
The International Festival and Event Association (IFEA), the world's leading trade association, has named Dubai as the IFEA World Festival and Event City 2012 in the city category with a population of over one million. Major shopping malls in the city, such as Deira City Center, Mirdiff City Center, BurJuman Mall, Mall of the Emirates, Dubai Mall (largest in the world) and Ibn Battuta Mall as well as the traditional Dubai Souk and other souks attract buyers of the region.
Food
Arabic food is popular and available everywhere in the city, from the small shawarma restaurants in Deira and Al Karama to Dubai's restaurants. Fast food, South Asian cuisine, and Chinese are also very popular and widely available. The sale and consumption of pork, although legal, is regulated and sold only to non-Muslims, in special areas of supermarkets and airports. Similarly, the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated. Liquor licenses are required to purchase alcohol; however, alcohol is available in the bars and restaurants inside the hotel. Shisha and qahwa boutiques are also popular in Dubai. Biryani is also a popular cuisine in Dubai with being the most popular among Indians and Pakistanis in Dubai.
Dubai Dubai Food Festival
The inaugural Dubai Food Festival is held between 21 February and 15 March 2014. According to Vision magazine, the event aims to enhance and celebrate Dubai's position as the regional gastronomic capital. The festival is designed to showcase the variety of flavors and cuisine on offer in Dubai featuring more than 200 nationalities at the festival. The next food festival is held between 23 February 2017 to 11 March 2017.
Entertainment
Arabic and Hollywood films are very popular in Dubai (UAE). Since 2004, the city has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival that serves as a showcase for Arab filmmaking talents. Amn Diab, Diana Haddad, Aerosmith, Santana, Mark Knopfler, Rick Ross, Elton John, Pink, Shakira, Celine Dion, Coldplay, Lady Gaga, Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna, Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, and Roxette have performed in the city. Kylie Minogue is reportedly paid $ 3.5 million to appear at the opening of the Atlantis resort on November 20, 2008. The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists but no longer held in Dubai.
Popular films in Dubai include: Balram vs. Tharadas, Black Friday (2004 film), Body of Lies (film), Boom (film), City of Life, Deewane Huye Paagal, Dubai (film 2001), Dubai (2005 film), Glitter Dust: Discovering Art in Dubai, New Year (film 2014), Hungama in Dubai, Italy (movie), Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol, Naqaab, Silver Bear (film), Switch (movie 2013), Welcome (2007) film) and Kung Fu Yoga.
One of the lesser-known sides in Dubai is the importance of young contemporary art gallery scene. Since 2008, leading contemporary art galleries such as Carbon 12 Dubai, Green Art, Isabelle van den Eynde gallery and The Third Line have brought the city to an international art map. Art Dubai, a well-developed and reputable art exhibition in the region is also a major contributor to the development of contemporary art.
The largest Hall Cinema in the UAE is Reel Cinemas located in Dubai Mall. It has 22 screens available with a total of 2800 seats.
Dubai Shopping Festival
Dubai Shopping Festival is an annual event in Dubai. It started in 1995, attracting visitors from around the world to visit Dubai and benefit from sales during this festival.
In 2015 starts from 1 January and continues until February 1, however, the Department of Tourism and Trade Marketing in Dubai announces the cessation of all entertainment and musical activities associated with Dubai Shopping Festival for 3 days, from Friday, January 23 through Sunday, January 25 because of the death of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz former ruler of Saudi Arabia.
Media
Many international news agencies such as Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg L.P. and the Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) operates in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City. In addition, several local network television channels such as Dubai One (formerly Channel 33), and Dubai TV (EDTV) provide programs in English and Arabic. Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets. Dar Al Khaleej , Al Bayan and Al Ittihad is the largest Arabic-language newspaper in town, while Gulf News >, Khaleej Times, Khaleej Mag and 7 days is the largest English-language newspaper in circulation.
Etisalat, a state-owned telecommunications provider, held a virtual monopoly on telecommunications services in Dubai before the founding of another small telecommunications company such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC - better known as Du) in 2006. The Internet was introduced to the UAE (and therefore Dubai) in 1995. This network has Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s with a capacity of 49 STM1 links. Dubai has two of the four Domain Name System (DNS) data centers in the country (DXBNIC1, DXBNIC2). Sensors are common in Dubai and are used by governments to control content that is believed to infringe on the cultural and political sensibilities of Emirates. Homosexuality, medicine, and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo.
Internet content is set in Dubai. Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that is considered incompatible with country values, such as sites that provide information about how to bypass a proxy; sites related to dating, gay and lesbian networks, and pornography; and sites originating from Israel. Emirates Media and the Internet (a division of Etisalat) notes that in 2002, 76% of Internet users were male. About 60% of internet users are Asian, while 25% of users are Arabs. Dubai enacted Electronic Transactions and Trade Laws in 2002 relating to digital signatures and electronic registers. This prohibits Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from disclosing the information collected in providing services. The criminal law contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography; However, it does not address cyber crime or data protection.
Sports
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai. Three teams (Al Wasl FC, Shabab Al-Expert Dubai FC and Al Nasr SC) represent Dubai in UAE Pro-League. Al-Wasl has the second largest number of championships in the UAE League, after Al Ain. Dubai also hosts the annual Dubai Tennis Championships and The Legends Rock Dubai, as well as the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament and the DP World Tour Championships, all of which attract sports stars from around the world. Dubai World Cup, a pure horse race, held annually at Meydan Racecourse. Dubai also hosts the traditional Dubai Sevens rugby union tournament, part of the World Series Sevens World Series drawings from Rugby 7 Dubai 2015. In 2009, Dubai hosted the 2009 Sevens Rugby World Cup. Auto racing is also a great sport in Dubai, Dubai Autodrome is home to many car racing events throughout the year. It also features an advanced indoor and outdoor Kartdrome, popular among racing fans and recreational riders.
Cricket
Cricket is followed by a large community of Indians and Pakistanis in Dubai with residents from other cricketing countries (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, England, Australia, South Africa and Nepal). In 2005, the International Cricket Council (ICC) moved its headquarters from London to Dubai. The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass courses are being developed at Dubai Sports City. Many tournaments also take place in Dubai. Since Pakistan played Australia at One-Day International in Dubai in 2009, not only international teams competed in the city, but the emirate helped improve cricket standards around the world with ICC Cricket Academy, training and fostering facilities used by leading nations world. Super League Pakistan is also played here.
Dress code
Emirates apparel is typical of several countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Women usually wear "abaya", long black robes with hijab (veil covering the neck and head). Some women can add a niqab that covers the mouth and nose and just let the eyes be exposed. Men wearing "greed" are also referred to as "dishdasha" or even "thawb" (long white robes) and hijab (gobrah). The traditional UAE ghostrah is white and held in place by an accessory called "egal", which resembles a black cord. The younger emirate prefers to wear red and white gotha ​​and tie it to the head like a turban.
The above dress code is never mandatory and many people wear western clothes or other eastern clothing without any problems; but the prohibition of wearing "indecent clothing" or expressing too much skin is an aspect of UAE that Dubai visitors are expected to adapt, and coded in Dubai criminal law. The UAE has implemented propriety rules in most public places, in addition to water parks, beaches, clubs and bars.
Education
The school system in Dubai follows from the United Arab Emirates. In 2009, there were 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education serving Arab Emirates and expatriates as well as 145 private schools. The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with an emphasis on English as a second language, while most private schools use English as their language of instruction. Most private schools serve one or more expatriate communities.
More than 15 schools offer international education using one or more of the four International Baccalaalaureate Programs for students aged 3-19. Some schools have introduced new IB Career Courses that can be combined with vocational qualifications such as BTEC. The Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) signed an agreement with IB in an effort to expand the options offered to parents and to meet the needs of different students in the UAE.
In addition, some schools offer an Indian Certificate of Secondary Education syllabus from CBSE or Indian. Indian High School, DPS, DMHS are some examples. Similarly, there are also some reputable Pakistani schools that offer FBISE curriculum for expatriate children in Dubai.
A number of schools also offer basic English education up to the age of eleven. English style eleven eighteen secondary schools that offer General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Level including Dubai Gem Private School, Dubai British School, Engl
0 Comments