The golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) is one of the most famous birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the most distributed species of eagle. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family of Accipitridae. These birds are dark brown, with a lighter golden golden fur above their tombstones. The immature eagle of this species usually has a white tail and often has a white mark on the wings. Golden eagles use their agility and speed combined with strong legs and sharp big claws to take on various prey, especially rabbits, rabbits, marmots, and other ground squirrels.
The golden eagle maintains a range of possible houses or areas of 200 km 2 (77Ã, sqÃ, mi). They build large nests on cliffs and other high places where they can return for several years of farming. Most breeding activities occur in the spring; they are monogamous and can stay together for several years or maybe a lifetime. Females put up to four eggs, and then incubate them for six weeks. Usually, one or two young people survive in about three months. These teenage golden eagles usually achieve full autonomy in the fall, after which they wander widely to build a territory for themselves in four to five years.
Once widespread throughout Holarctic, it has disappeared from many areas that are now more densely populated by humans. Although extinct or uncommon in some ancient regions, the species is still widespread, which is present in a considerable range of Eurasia, North America, and parts of North Africa. This is the largest and most rare of the five species of accipitrid actually occurring as breeding species both in Palearctic and Nearctic.
Over the centuries, this species has become one of the most respected birds used in sea eagles. Because of his prowess hunting, the golden eagle is considered with great mystical respect in some ancient cultures, tribes. It is one of the most researched raptor species in the world in several parts of its range, such as the Western United States and the Western Palearkopi.
Video Golden eagle
Description
Size
The golden eagle is a very large raptor, with a length of 66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches). Its wings are wide and wingspan 1.8 to 2.34 meters (5 feet to 11 inches to 7 feet 8 inches). The width of the golden eagle's wings is the fifth largest among the living eagle species. Women are bigger than men, with larger differences in larger subspecies. Himalayan large Himalayan eagle females are about 37% heavier than males and have wings of nearly 9% longer, while in smaller Japanese golden eagles, females are only 26% heavier with about 6% longer wings. In the largest subspecies ( A. C. Daphanea ), men and women weigh usually 4.05 kilograms (8.9 pounds) and 6.35 kg (14.0 lb), respectively. In the smallest subspecies, A. c. japonica , men weighs 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and women 3.25 kg (7.2 lb). In the whole species, the average male is about 3.6 kg (7.9 lbs) and female about 5.1 kg (11 pounds). The maximum size of the golden eagle is debatable. Large subspecies are the heaviest representatives of the genus Aquila and this species is on average the seventh live eagle species. The golden eagle is the second hardest breeding eagle in North America, Europe and Africa and the fourth heaviest in Asia. For some time, the largest mass known to be authenticated to a wild female is a specimen of A. c. chrysaetos subspecies weighing about 6.7 kg (15 pounds) and spanning 2.55 m (8 ft 4 inches) on the wing. The American golden Eagle is typically somewhat smaller than the large Eurasian species, but the large females released and released in 2006 around the Bridger-Teton Wyoming National Forest became the heaviest recorded wild eagle, at 7.7 kg (17 Ib). The prisoner has been measured with a wingspan of 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in) and a mass of 12.1 kg (27 pounds), though this mass is for eagles raised for eagles, which tend to be unnaturally heavy.
Standard measurements of the species include wing chord lengths 52-72 cm (20-28 inches), tail length 26.5-38 cm (10.4-15.0 inches) and tarsus length of 9.4-12.2 cm (3 , 7 -4.8 in). The culms (upper ridge) are reported to average about 4.5 cm (1.8 inches), with a range of 3.6 to 5 cm (1.4 to 2.0 inches). The billing length of the gape size is about 6 cm (2.4 inches). The hallux-long, straight and strong claws (rear paws) can range from 4.5-6.34 cm (1.77 to 2.50 deep), about one centimeter longer than in bald eagles and a little more than one centimeter less from harpy eagle.
Color
Adults of both sexes have the same feathers and especially dark brown, with some gray on the inside of wings and tails, and pale colors, usually the golden color at the back of the crown and the nape that gives a common name to the species. Unlike other Aquila species, where tarsal hair has a color similar to other feathers, golden tarsal feathers tend to be paler, ranging from golden to white light. In addition, some adult birds (especially in North America) have white "epaulettes" at the top of each scapular feather tract. Dark bill at the end, fades to lighter horn color, with yellow cere. Like many accipitrid, the yellow part of the foot is yellow. There are subtle differences in colors between subspecies, described below.
The juvenile golden eagle is similar to adults but tends to be darker, black on the back especially in East Asia. They have a less faded color. The young white birds about two-thirds long from their tails, ending with vast black bands. Occasionally, juvenile eagles have white patches on mussels in the primary and secondary outer base, forming a crescent moon mark on the wings that tend to be divided by darker feathers. Rarely, a teenage bird may have only a white trail on its tail. Compared with relatively consistent white tails, white patches on the wings vary greatly; some teenagers barely look white. Teens younger than 12 months tend to have the most white in their fur. In their second summer, the white under cover is usually replaced with a typical rusty brown color. In the third summer, the upper wing cover is largely replaced by dark brown fur, though not all feathers are moulted at once which makes many young birds with gray patterns. The tail follows the same ripening pattern with the wings. Because of the variability between individuals, juvenile eagles are not reliable for age by sight alone. Many golden eagles still have white tails during their first nesting venture. The last adult hair has not been fully achieved until the birds are between 5 and half and 6 and half years old.
Moulting
This species gradually begins in March or April to September or October each year. Moulting usually declines in winter. Moult from contour fur begins in the head and neck area and develops along the common fur tract in the general front-to-back direction. Hair on the head, neck, back and scapulars can be replaced every year. With large feathers of wings and tails, the moult begins with the deepest feathers and outwards in a direct way known as "megan descent".
Vocalization
While many accipitrid are not known for their strong sounds, golden eagles have a certain tendency to be still, even as they breed. However, some vocalizations have been noted, and this usually centers on the nesting period. The voice of a golden eagle is considered weak, tall and shrill, has been called "quite sad" and "like a dog", and does not seem to match the size and resilience of the species. The most recognizable vocalizations seem to function as contact calls between eagles, sometimes adults for their offspring, sometimes territorial birds for intruders and uncommon among breeding pairs. In Western Montana, nine different calls are recorded: chirp , a vision , a pssa , a skonk , took , wonk , horn and hiss .
Flights
The golden eagle is sometimes regarded as the best flyer among the eagles and probably among all raptorial birds. They are equipped with wings that are wide and long with a curve like a finger on the wingtips. Golden eagles are unique among their genera because they often fly with a slight dihedral, which means the wings are often held in a slight and reversed V shape. When they have to flap the wings, the golden eagle appears in the most difficult position, but this is less common than soaring or gliding -. Flap flights usually consist of 6-8 deep wing-beats, interspersed with 2-3 seconds gliding. While soaring, wings and tails are held on one plane with the main tips often spreading. The unhurried speed of hoisting in a golden eagle is about 45-52 kilometers per hour (28-32 mph). When hunting or performing, golden eagles can glide very quickly, reaching speeds of up to 190 kilometers per hour (120 mph). When bending (diving) toward the prey or during the territorial appearance, the eagle holds its legs to its tail, and holds its wings tightly and partially closed against its body. When diving after prey, the golden eagle can reach 240 to 320 kilometers per hour (150 to 200 mph). Though less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle appears to be quite equal and may even be superior to the bending and gliding speed of the peregrine falcon. This makes the golden eagle into one of the two fastest living animals. Although most flights with golden eagles have a clear purpose (eg, territory, hunting), several flights, such as those done by loners or among nursery partners, seem to play.
Differentiate from other species
Size easily distinguishes this species from most other raptors when seen well. Most of the other raptors are much smaller. Buteo hawks, which may be most similar to golden eagles in structures among species outside the "hawk boots" group, are often among the most common fragile birds. However, Medium-sized buteo is dwarfed by a golden eagle, because the adult female eagle has about twice the width of the wing and is about five times its weight. Buteos is also usually more pale below, though some species occur in dark morphs that can be darker than golden eagles. Among the raptorial birds that share a variety of golden eagles, only a few vultures of Old World and California condor are obviously larger, with wings longer and wider, usually held more evenly in slower, less powerful flights; they often have dramatically different color patterns. In North America, the golden eagle may be confused with a turkey bird from a distance, because it is a large species that, like a golden eagle, often fly with dihedral. The turkey vulture can be distinguished by its less controlled, stronger, smaller, thinner, smaller head, much smaller heads and, at closer distances, slick black-brown and silvery secondary wings. Compared to Haliaeetus hawks, the golden eagle has wings that are only slightly slimmer but more like a hawk and do not have wing-like positions on the board seen in other genera. The large northern species of Haliaeetus usually have larger bills and larger heads that stand out more clearly than golden eagles in flight. The golden eagle's tail is longer than the average Haliaeetus eagle, appearing to be two or three times the head length in flying soaring, while in other eagles the head is often more than twice the tail length. The confusion is most likely between the teenagers Haliaeetus and the golden eagle, as adult gold has a more solid gold-brown color and all of the eagle's Haliaeetus have distinctive feathers as adults. Haliaeetus hawks are often very fast in their teenage phase. The teenage golden eagle can have a large white patch on its wings and tail that is very different from the random distribution, sometimes large and visible juvenile white teen scarf Haliaeetus .
Distinguishing the golden eagle from other Aquila frogs in Eurasia is more difficult. The identification may depend on the tail and the relatively long white or gray gold eagle pattern on the wings and tail. Unlike golden eagles, other hawks Aquila generally do not fly with dihedral. In close proximity, gold to the tassel of the golden eagle's shawl is different from the others Aquila . Most of the Aquila's eagles have darker feathers, though smaller brown eagles are often paler than gold eagles (overlapping in verifiable range in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia). Among Eurasia Aquila, the mature eastern imperial and Spanish imperial eagle come closest to reaching the golden eagle size, but both are distinguished by their longer necks, flatter wings in flight, white marks on their shoulders. coverts, creamy pink paler and generally darker in color. Young eagle eagles are more pale overall (cream caramel in Spain, cream and chocolate stripes in the East) and can not be confused. Steppe eagles can also approach a golden eagle in size but are more compact and smaller-headed with slight variations of color onto their dark black-brown fur, apart from the teenage birds that have a cream-colored band â € <â €
Maps Golden eagle
Taxonomy and systematics
This species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 Systema naturae as Falco chrysaetos . Since birds were grouped largely on shallow characteristics at the time, many species were grouped by Linnaeus in the Falco genus . Locality type is given only as "Europa"; it was later repaired to Sweden. It was transferred to the new genus of Aquila by the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. Aquila is Latin for "hawk", probably derived from aquilus >, "dark colors" and chrysaetos are Ancient Greek for golden eagles from khrusos , "gold" and aetos , "eagles".
The golden eagle is part of a group of eagles called "hawk boots" defined by the characteristics that all species are feathered on their tarsus, unlike many other accipitrid that have bare feet. Included in this group are all species described as "hawk eagles" including the genera Spizaetus and Nisaetus , as well as various monotypical genera such as Oroaetus , < i> Lophaetus , Stephanoaetus , Polemaetus , Lophotriorchis and Ictinaetus . The genus Aquila is distributed on every continent but to South America and Antarctica. Up to 20 species have been classified in the genus but the taxonomic placement of some traditional species has been questioned recently. Traditionally, the Aquila eagle has been superficially grouped as a small, brownish, or dark-colored eagle slightly different in the transition from their adolescent to their adult fur. Recent genetic studies show a golden eagle included in a clade with Verreaux eagles in Africa as well as Gurney eagle ( A. Gurneyi ) and hawk-tail (obviously part of the Australasian radiation of the bloodline). The identification of this particular clade has long been suspected on the basis of the same morphological characteristics among these large bodies. More surprisingly, smaller, more pale, younger species, the Bonelli ( A. Fasciatus) eagle and African eagles ( A. Spilogaster ), were previously included in the genus Hieraacet , has been genetically lowered closer to the Verreaux eagle line and golden eagle than any other species traditionally belonging to the genus Aquila . Other larger species Aquila , the eastern empire, the Spanish imperial, the yellow eagle and the steppad eagle, are now considered separate, clade closely, which attain some characteristics similar to previous clusters through convergent. evolution. Genetically, "spotted eagle" ( A. pomarina, hasata & clanga ), has been found to relate more closely to long-eyed eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis ) and black eagle ( Ictinaetus malayensis ), and many generic assignments have been advocated. The genera Hieraaetus, including the hawk boot ( H. Pennatus ), the little eagle ( H. Morphnoides ) and the Ayres hawks (H Ayresii ), consisting of a much smaller species, which is actually the smallest bird called an eagle outside the unrelated serpent-spangle genus Spilornis . This genus has recently been omitted by many authorities and is now sometimes also included in Aquila, although not all ornithological unions have followed this lawsuit in this reclassification. The small Wahlberg eagle ( H. Wahlbergi ) has been traditionally regarded as the Aquila species due to the lack of change from teenage to adult hair and brownish color but is actually genetically aligned with the lineage > Hieraacet . The hawk eagle Cassin ( H. Africanus ) may also be closely related to the group Hieraaetus than the Spizaetus/Nisaetus "eagle" group (previously classified ) which is not known to have radiated to Africa.
Subspecies and distribution
The larger Central Pleistocene golden elbow of France (and possibly elsewhere) is referred to the Aquila chrysaetos bonifacti paleosubspesies, and the large specimen of Late Pleistocene of Liko Cave (Crete) has been named Aquila. chrysaetos simurgh (Weesie, 1988). Similarly, the ancestral golden eagle, with heavier and wider skulls, larger wings and shorter legs when compared to modern birds, has been found in La Brea Tar Pits in southern California.
Habitat
Golden eagles are quite adaptable in habitat but often are in areas with some of the same ecological characteristics. They are best suited for hunting in open or semi-open areas and searching for them throughout the year. The original vegetation seems to appeal to them and they usually avoid the developed regions of any kind from urban areas to agriculture as well as dense forest areas. In remote areas (eg, southern Yukon), they can occur regularly in roadkills and landfills. The largest number of golden eagles found in mountainous areas today, with many eagles doing the majority of hunting and nesting in rock formations. However, they are not fully associated with high altitudes and can breed in the lowlands if local habitats are suitable. Below is a more detailed description of the habitat occupied by golden eagles on both continents where they occur.
Eurasia
In the arctic hills on the great continent, golden eagles appear along the edges of the tundra and taiga from the Kola peninsula to Anadyr in eastern Siberia, nesting in the forest and hunting around the nearby Arctic forest. Typical vegetation is the dwarfed and fragmented larch tree forest fused into the bushes of the low birch trees and various heathland. In rocky, wet, windy maritime nations of the British Isles and western Scandinavia, golden eagles are birds living on the mountain. These areas include highland meadows, swamp blankets and sub-Arctic heaths but also fragmented forests and forest edges, including boreal forests. In Western Europe, the habitat of a golden eagle is dominated by open grassland, rough, health and swamps, in places enlivened by rocky mountains, spurs, cliffs, scree, slopes and grand plateaux. In Sweden, Finland, Baltic States, Belarus and almost all distribution in Russia to the Pacific Ocean, golden eagles are rare in lowland taiga forests. These areas are dominated by cypress stands like pine, pine and pine trees, sometimes equipped with birch and alder stands in southern Scandinavia and the Baltic States. This is a very marginal country for golden eagles and they occur where thin tree cover and borders open habitats. The golden eagle's habitat usually consists of extensive peatland formations caused by non-drained soil. In central Europe, golden eagles today occur almost exclusively in large mountains, such as the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, and Caucasus. Here, nest the species near the tree line and hunt subalpine and alpine meadows, pastures and health above. Golden eagles also occur in considerable mountain habitat along the Mediterranean Sea, from Iberia and the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, to Greece, Turkey and Kurdistan. The area is characterized by low mountains, Mediterranean maquis vegetation and sub-temperate open forests in various stages of degradation. Local pine-oak vegetation, with a variety of Sclerophyllous shrubs that adapt well to long summers. From Kurdistan and the southern Caspian Sea to the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan, a typical golden hawk habitat is a volcano like a mountain surrounded by a steppe landscape interspersed with forests. Here the climate is cooler and more continental than around the Mediterranean. Golden Eagle occupies the Alpine ranges from the Altai Mountains and the Pamir Mountains to Tibet, in massive Himalayan massifs, and northwestern China, where they occupy the Tien Shan range. In these mountains, the species often live at very high altitudes, living above the tree line at over 2,500m (8,200ft), often nesting in rocky scones and hunting in adjacent pastures. In Tibet, the golden eagle inhabits the high mountains and passes in the Lhasa River Basin, where it regularly joins the group of soaring Himalayan birds ( Gips himalayensis ). A golden eagle was recorded circling at 6,190 m (20,310 ft) above sea level at Khumbu in May 1975. In the mountains of Japan and Korea, golden eagles occupy deciduous forests and stands like Siberian pine carpet ( Pinus pumila ) that blend with grasslands and mountain meadows. Golden eagles occur in the mountains of the Adrar Plateau in Mauritania to northern Yemen and Oman where the desert habitat largely loses vegetation but offers many rocky terrain to support both their eagles and their prey. In Israel, their habitats are mainly rocky slopes and extensive wadi areas, especially in the desert and to a lesser degree in semi-desert and Mediterranean climates, extending to open areas. In Northeast Africa, its habitat is often a desert-like character and very similar to the habitats in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. In the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, where the vegetation is more fertile and the climate is much drier than in Northeast Africa, the golden eagle occupies the green mountains.
North America
Ecozones that are occupied by golden eagles are roughly coincided with Eurasia. In the western and northern parts of Alaska and northern Canada to the Ungava Peninsula in Quebec, the hawks occupy the Arctic suburb of North America (this species does not include the actual high Arctic tundra), where an open canopy gives way to dwarfs with buffalo and tussock tundra. In areas locked in the mainland of the sub-Arctic, golden eagles are the largest raptors. From the Alaska Range to Washington and Oregon, it is often found in high mountains above the tree line or on cliffs and cliffs along the river valley below the tree line. In the state of Washington, golden eagles can be found in a densely packed, densely packed forest section with relatively little annual rainfall. From the eastern Canadian Rocky Mountains to the Labrador mountains, golden eagles are found in small numbers in boreal forest peatlands and similar mixed forest areas. In the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in the United States there are plains and meadows where golden eagles are widespread, especially where there is a low human presence. Here, the meadows in the low hills and flat plains are typical, interrupted only by cotton trees around river valleys and wetlands where eagles can build their nests. Golden Eagle also occupies the Great Basin which is like a desert from southern Idaho to northern Arizona and New Mexico. In this habitat, trees are generally absent other than junipers with vegetation dominated by shrubs (Artemisia ) and other low shrub species. Although the vegetation varies slightly, the same habitat is occupied by golden eagles in Mexico. However, golden eagles usually do not exist in North America from actual deserts, such as the Sonoran Desert, where annual rainfall is less than 20 cm (7.9 inches). Golden Eagle occupies the mountains and coastal areas of California and Baja California in Mexico where hot, dry summers and damp winters are characteristic. The golden elbows here often nest in chaparral and oak forests, savanna oaks and pastures among low hills characterized by diverse vegetation. In the eastern United States, this species was once extensively raised in the Appalachian Plateau near burns, open swamps, meadows, swamps and lakes. In Eastern North America, this species still breeds on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Until 1999, a pair of golden eagles were still known to nest in Maine but they are now believed to be nonexistent as a glorification bird from the Eastern United States. Golden eagles are breeding in eastern Canada winter in mountainous lawns and health fields in the Appalachian Plateau region, mainly in Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia. Most sightings in the Eastern United States were recently concentrated within or along the Southwest Appalachian Plateau (30% of the records) and in the Coastal Plains physiography (33% of records).
Although they regularly nest in swamp-like peatlands in boreal forests, golden eagles are generally unrelated to wetlands and, in fact, they can be found near some of the driest places on earth. However, in the winter populations of eastern America, they are often associated with steep river basins, reservoirs and swamps in the hinterland and estuarine swamps, barrier islands, managed wetlands, sounds, and mouths of the main river system in coastal areas.. This wetland is interesting because of the dominance of open vegetation, large prey concentrations, and the absence of general human disturbance. In the central western United States, they are unusual during winter near reservoirs and wildlife reserves that provide foraging opportunities at concentrations of waterfowl.
Biology diet
Golden eagles usually hunt during the day, but recorded hunting from an hour before sunrise to an hour after sunset during the mating season in southwest Idaho. The success rate of golden eagle hunting is calculated in Idaho, indicating that, of the 115 hunting attempts, 20% managed to get prey. An adult golden eagle requires about 230-250 g (8.1 to 8.8 oz) of food per day but in most live hawks there is a cycle of feast and famine, and the eagle has been known to go without food for up to a week and then canyon up to 900 g (2.0 Â £) while sitting.
Activity and movement
Despite the dramatic ways in which they reach food and interact with raptors of their own and other species, the daily life of golden eagles is often rather smooth. In Idaho, adult golden adult eagles are observed to sit on perch for an average of 78% of daytime, while adult females sit in the nest or perch for an average of 85% of the day. During the height of summer in Utah, hunting and territorial flights occur mostly between 9.00 and 11.00 and 4.00 and 18.00, with the remaining 15 hours or more of daylight spent on rest or rest. When conditions are very anticyclonic, there is a slight surge in the daytime. During the winter in Scotland, golden eagles soar frequently to scan the environment for carrion. In more wooded environments in Norway during autumn and winter, less air activity is reported, as eagles tend to avoid detection by hunting active contours rather than searching for carcasses. The golden eagle is believed to sleep through the night. Although it is usually very solitary beyond the bonds between breeding pairs, very cold weather in winter can cause the eagles to put their regular guard down and perched together. The largest known golden-eagle congregation was observed on a very cold winter night in eastern Idaho when 124 people were observed perched near the 85-pound line of electricity.
Migration
Most of the golden eagle population is sedentary, but this species is actually a partial migrant. Golden eagles are a very powerful species, which adapt well to cold climates, but they can not adhere to the decline in available food sources in the northern part of their range. Hawks raised in latitudes of more than 60 Â ° LU usually migrate, although short migrations may be taken by those who breed or hatch at about 50 ° C. During migration, they often use flying flights, rather than powered flights. In Finland, most of the teenagers who clustered move between 1,000 and 2,000 km (620 and 1,240 miles) due to the south, whereas adults live in the local area during the winter. Further east, conditions are too harsh even for the winter of the territorial adult. The golden elbows that breed from the Kola peninsula to Anadyr in the Far East Russia migrate southward to winter on the steppes of Russia and Mongolia, and the North China Plain. The relatively flat open landscape in the region has relatively few gold eagle populations. Similarly, the entire golden eagle population from northern and northern Alaska and northern Canada migrated to the south. At Mount Lorette in Alberta, about 4,000 golden eagles can pass during the fall, the largest gold eagle migration recorded on earth. Here the mountains are relatively moderate and consistent, so reliable for thermal and rising currents that make long-distance migration feasible. The birds that hatch in Denali National Park in Alaska travel from 818 to 4,815 km (508-2.992 mi) to their winter spans in western North America. These Westerners may be winter anywhere from southern Alberta and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona and from the interior of California to Nebraska. Adults raised in the northeastern Canada's Hudson Bay area reach their winter spot, which ranges from central Michigan to southern Pennsylvania to northeastern Alabama, within 26 to 40 days, with arrival dates from November to early December. Departure dates from winterlands vary. In southwestern Canada, they leave their winter plateau on April 6 to May 8 (average is April 21); in southwestern Idaho, winter birds depart from March 20 to April 13 (average 29 March); and in the Southwest United States, winter birds may depart in early March. Elsewhere in the range of species breeding, golden eagles (ie, those breeding in adjacent Western States, throughout Europe but to North Scandinavia, North Africa and throughout Asia but to Northern Russia) are not migrated and tend to remain within striking distance of their breeding territory throughout the year. In Scotland, among all restored, banded golden eagles (36 from 1,000, the rest mostly dead or disappearing) the average distance between ring and recovery is 44 km (27 mi), an average of 63 km (39 mi) on teens and 36 km (22 miles) in older birds. In the dry Southwest United States, golden eagles tend to move to higher heights after the mating season is over. In North Africa, populations breed at low latitudes, such as Morocco, mostly settled, although some sometimes spread after breeding into areas outside the normal breeding range.
Territoriality
Territorials are believed to be a major cause of interaction and confrontation between unpaired golden eagles. The Golden Eagle maintains some of the largest known home (or territory) crawls of any bird species but there are many variations in the size of roaming in different regions, perhaps dictated by food abundance and habitat preferences. The range of houses in most ranges can vary from 20 to 200 km 2 (7.7 to 77.2 sq./n mi). In San Diego County California, the home range varies from 49 to 137 km 2 (19 to 53Ã, sqÃ, mi), with an average of 93Ã, km 2 (36Ã , SqÃ, mi). However, some home ranges have been much smaller, such as in southwestern Idaho where, perhaps due to the abundance of jackrabbits, the home range as small as 4.85 km 2 (1.87 sq./n mi) is maintained. The smallest known ranges of houses in records for golden eagles are in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, where they range from 1.5 to 9 km 2 (0.58 to 3.47Ã, sqÃ, mi). 46% of the surging display in Montana occurs shortly after the juvenile eagle leaves the reach of their parents, indicating that some residents defend and defend the territory throughout the year. Elsewhere it is stated that the home range is poorly guarded during the winter but hunting is essentially exclusive. In Israel and Scotland, aggressive encounters peak from winter to before laying and are less common during the nesting season. Featuring threats including undulating flights and aggressive direct flights with excessive downstrokes. Most impressions by mature golden eagles (67% for males and 76% for females) occur, rather than around the nest, on the edge of their roaming. In Western Norway, the most wavy flight display occurs during the pre-laying period in late winter/early spring. The flight appearance seems to be triggered by the presence of other golden eagles. The use of flight screens has obvious benefits as it reduces the need for physical confrontation, which can be fatal. Typically, non-breeding birds are treated aggressively by golden eagles that defend their home range, usually pursued to a clear extent out of reach but without real physical contact. The territorial flight of the adult golden eagle is sometimes preceded or followed by intense attacks of the wavy screen. Attackers often respond by rolling over and presenting claws to attackers. Rarely, two eagles will lock the claw and fall in the air; sometimes falling several revolutions and in some cases even falling to the ground before unleashing their grip. In some parts of the Alps, the golden eagle population has reached a saturation point in the appropriate habitat and it appears that violent confrontation is more common than in other parts of the range. Golden eagles can express their aggression through body language during roosting, usually adult women when confronted by disturbing eagles: head and body erect, feathers on head and neck erect; the wings may be slightly spread and the beak is open; often accompanied by intense gaze. They are then often involved in the same posture with widespread and threat-oriented wings; sometimes swaying back on the tail and even flopping backwards with the claws extended upward as defense. Such behavior can be accompanied by a slap of wings against a threatening intruder. When approached by intruders, the defected eagle turned, partly spread the tail, bowed its head, and remained silent; Adults in the nest may lower the head and "freeze" when approached by a person or helicopter. Women in Israel are shown more than men and mostly to interpersonal intruders; men seem to be shown primarily as part of a courtship. Five of the 7 aggressive encounters in the carcass during winter in Norway were won by women; in 15 of the 21 conflicts, younger birds dominate older females. However, a clear young eagle (obviously for adult eagles because of the white amount on its wings and tail) is sometimes allowed to penetrate deep into the span of a couple's home and all parties usually ignore each other. In North Dakota, it is verified that the parent eagle is not aggressive towards their own children after the nesting period and some teenagers stay in their parent territory until spring 2 and then leave on their own.
Reproduction
Golden eagles usually mate for life. A pair of breeds are formed in the courtship view. This dating includes a wavy look by both in the pair, with the male bird picking up a piece of rock or a small stick, and dropping it just to get into the steep dive and catch it in the air, repeating the maneuver 3 or more time. The female takes a clump of earth and falls and catches it in the same way. Golden eagles usually build some holes in their territory (prefer cliffs) and use them alternately for several years. Their nesting areas are characterized by an extreme regularity from the distance of the nest. The mating and spawning time for golden eagles varies depending on the locality. Copulation usually lasts 10-20 seconds. The mating seems to occur about 40-46 days before laying the initial egg. Golden eagle girls can be heard from within an egg 15 hours before they start hatching. After the first chip is solved from the egg, there is no activity for about 27 hours. After this period, hatching activity accelerates and the shell breaks out in 35 hours. This girl is totally free in 37 hours. In the first 10 days, chicks generally lie on a nest substrate. The eagles are capable of preening on their second day but are continually thermoregulated through the process of contemplation by their parents to about 20 days. Within 10 days, the hatchling grows rapidly, weighing about 500 g (1.1 pounds). Around this age, they also start sitting more. About 20 days of age, chicks generally start standing, which becomes the main position for the next 40 days. Whitish continues until about 25 days of age, where the point is gradually replaced by dark contours of feathers that eclipse downwards and the birds reach a common benign appearance. After hatching, 80% of food and 90% of the food biomass are captured and taken to the nest by adult men. Fledging occurs at the age of 66 to 75 days in Idaho and 70 to 81 days in Scotland. The first flight departure after flight can be sudden, with young people jumping and using a series of short and stiff wing beats to slide down or be blown off the hive while the wings are flapping. 18 to 20 days after the first flight, the young eagle will make their first flight, but they can not reach as efficiently as their parents until about 60 days after flight. In Cumbria, the young golden eagle was first seen hunting a large prey 59 days after flying. 75 to 85 days after flight, young people are largely independent of parents. In general, breeding success seems the greatest in which prey is available in abundance.
Longevity
Golden Eagle is a bird that is long lived in natural conditions. The survival rate of raptorial birds tends to increase with larger body size, with an annual population loss rate of 30-50% in the form of small falcons/accipiters, loss of 15-25% medium-size population (eg, Buteo or kite) and a loss rate of 5% or less for eagles and vultures. The oldest known wild gold eagle is a bird in Sweden found 32 years later. The longest surviving golden eagle in North America is 23 years and 10 months. Long-lived prisoner goldfish, specimens in Europe, survived until the age of 46 years. Estimated annual adult survival rates on the Isle of Skye in Scotland are around 97.5%. When this is extrapolated into the estimated age, this results in 39 and a half years as the average adult gold eagle in this area, which may be an overestimate. Survival rates are usually much lower in juvenile eagles compared to adult eagles. In the western Rocky Mountains, 50% of golden eagles nesting in the nest died by the time they were 2 and a half years and an estimated 75% died by the time they were 5 years old. Near the central wind turbine facility in central-western California, the estimated survival rate, based on conventional telemetry of 257 individuals, was 84% ​​for the first year eagle, 79% for ages 1 to 3 years and adult floaters and 91% for breeders; without differences in survival rates between the sexes. Survival rates may be lower for migration of gold eagle populations. The 19-34% survival rate is estimated for juvenile eagles from Denali National Park in their first 11 months. The average life expectancy of golden eagles in Germany is 13 years, extrapolated from the survival rate of only 92.5% reported.
Natural Mortality
Natural sources of death are mostly reported in anecdotes. On rare occasions, golden eagles have been killed by competing predators or by hunting for carnivorous mammals, including wolf haired, snow leopard, cougar, brown bear, and white-tailed eagle. Most of the competitive attacks that result in death may occur in other golden eagle claws. Nestlings and fledglings are more likely to be killed by other predators than teenagers and free-flying adults. It has been suggested that golden eagles' nests may be more often preceded by other predators (especially birds, who are often the only other large animals that can access golden eagle nests without the aid of man-made climbing equipment) in areas where golden eagles are regularly disrupted in nests by human. Jeff Watson believes that occasional crows eat golden eagle eggs but only in situations where the parent eagle has abandoned their nesting efforts. However, there are no confirmed reports of predation by other bird species in the golden eagle's nest. Sometimes, a golden eagle can be killed by its prey to defend itself. There are reports of a golden eagle dying from North American urchin spines ( Erethizon dorsatum ) trying to hunt. On the Isle of RÃÆ'¹m in Scotland, there are several cases of red deer trampling golden eagles to death, possibly the result of a fawns having caught a bird trying to kill a fawn. Although usually very unsuited to predators, sometimes other big birds can do a great fight against golden eagles. The attempt to capture the big blue crane by the golden eagle resulted in the deaths of both birds from the wounds suffered in the ensuing battle. There is at least one case in Scotland of a golden eagle that died after being "oiled" by the northern fulmar, a bird whose primary defense against predators is to secrete oily secretions that could inhibit predators' ability to fly. The natural source of death, hunger may be less reported. 11 of the 16 dead teen eagles that hatch in the Denali National Park have died of starvation. Of the 36 deaths of gold eagles in Idaho, 55% were probably caused by natural causes, specifically 8 (26%) of unknown trauma, 3 (10%) of illness and 6 (19%) of unknown cause. Of the 266 deaths of golden eagles in Spain, only 6% came from unknown causes that can not be directly attributed to human activities. Avian cholera caused by bacteria ( Pasteurella multocida ) infects eagles that feed on waterfowl who have died from the disease. Protozoa Trichomonas sp. causing the death of 4 fledglings in a wild gold eagle study in Idaho. Some of the more advanced diseases that contribute to the death of the golden eagle have been examined in Japan. The prisoner's eagle dies of two malignant tumors - one in the liver and one in the kidney.
Killing permissions
In December 2016, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed allowing wind turbine-fired power companies to kill golden eagles without penalty, as long as "the company takes steps to minimize losses". If issued, the permit will be valid for 30 years, six times the current 5 year license.
In human culture
Humans have been fascinated by golden eagles as early as recorded history. The earliest recorded culture regarded the golden eagle with respect. It was only after the Industrial Revolution, when sports hunting became widespread and commercial farms became common internationally, that humans began to regard the golden eagle as a threat to their livelihood. This period also carries firearms and industrial toxins, which make it easy for humans to kill dodge and strong birds.
Status and preservation
At one time, golden eagles lived in most of the temperate Europe, North Asia, North America, North Africa, and Japan. Although widespread and quite safe in some areas, in many parts of the golden eagle range has experienced a sharp and even extinct population decline from some regions. The total number of individual golden eagles from around the estimated range is between 170,000 and 250,000 while the estimated total number of breeding pairs ranges from 60,000 to 100,000. Several other species of eagle are numerous, although some species such as tawny eagles, hawk eagles and bald eagles have a total population estimated to have the same size as a golden eagle despite having a more limited distribution. The world's densest eagle is probably the African fish eagle ( Haliaeetus vocifer ), which has a stable total population estimated at 300,000 individuals and is only found in Africa. On a global scale, golden eagles are not considered threatened by the IUCN.
References
Further reading
- Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1979). Handbook of the Birds of Europe Middle East and North Africa, Birds from Palearctic West . Volume 2: Hawks to Bustards . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-857505-4.
External links
- the Kazakh hunter. Fox Hunting with Golden Eagles - The Human Planet: Mountains, preview - BBC One
- Hunting Photos with Golden Eagles
- "Golden eagle media". Bird Bird Collection .
- Aging and sexing (PDF: 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & amp; Gerd-Michael Heinze
- The website in Golden Eagle is managed by Slovak Raptor Protection
- ÃÆ'... ldersbestÃÆ'¤mning av kungsÃÆ'¶rn - Aging of Golden Eagles (in Swedish and English)
- Golden Eagle Records from Eagle Eagle's Mid-Winter Survey: Information for Wind Energy Management and Geological Survey Planning USA
- " Aquila chrysaetos ". NCBI Taxonomy Browser . 8962.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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