A hot springs are springs produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater rising from the Earth's crust. While some of these springs contain water which is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can cause injury or death.
Video Hot spring
Definition
There is no universally accepted definition of hot springs. For example, one can find the phrase hot springs defined as any geothermal summer
- springs with water temperature above the surrounding area
- natural springs with water temperature above human body temperature - which is usually between 36.5 and 37.5 Ã, Â ° C (97.7 and 99.5Ã, Â ° F)
- natural springs with warm water above body temperature
- hot springs with warm water of 36.7 Ã, Â ° C (98Ã, Â ° â € <â €
- natural springs greater than 21.1 Ã, Â ° C (70Ã, Â ° F) (identical to thermal springs)
- natural discharge of high temperature groundwater
- a kind of hot springs where hot water is brought to the surface. The water temperature of the hot springs is usually 6.5 ° C (12 ° F) or above the average air temperature. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not identical to the term "hot water"
- springs with hot water brought to the surface (identical to thermal baths). The spring water temperature is usually 8.3 C (15Ã, Â ° F) or above the average air temperature.
- springs with water above human core body temperature - 36.7 Ã, Â ° C (98Ã, Â ° â € <â €
- spring with water above average ambient air temperature.
- springs with water temperature above 50 Ã, Â ° C (122Ã, Â ° F)
The related terms " warm springs " are defined as springs with less water temperature than hot springs by many sources, though Pentecost et al. (2003) states that the phrase "warm spring" is useless and should be avoided. The ASAAAA Geophysical Data Center defines "warm springs" as springs with water between 20 and 50 Â ° C (68 and 122 Â ° F)
Maps Hot spring
Heat source
The water that comes out of the hot springs is heated geothermally, that is, with the heat generated from the Earth's mantle. In general, the temperature of rocks in the earth increases with depth. The degree of temperature rise with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. If the water seeps deep enough into the crust, the water will heat up as it comes in contact with hot rocks. Water from hot springs in non-volcanic areas is heated in this way.
In active volcanic zones such as Yellowstone National Park, water can be heated by in contact with magma (molten rock). High temperature gradients near magma can cause the water to become hot enough to boil or overheat. If the water gets so hot that it builds up the vapor pressure and erupts on the jets above the Earth's surface, it's called a geyser. If water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called fumarole. If water is mixed with mud and clay, it's called a mud pot.
Note that hot springs in volcanic areas are often at or near the boiling point. People have been scalded and even killed by accident or accidentally enter this spring.
Warm springs sometimes result from mixing hot and cold springs. They can occur inside a volcanic area or outside one. One example of a non-volcanic warm spring is Warm Springs, Georgia (often used for its therapeutic effects by the paralyzed US president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who built the Little White House there).
Flow rate
Hot springs range in the flow rate from the smallest "seepage" to the real hot water stream. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water gushes upward in a hot fountain, or fountain.
High flow hot springs
There are many claims in the literature on the rate of hot water flow. There are many more high-flow non-thermal springs from geothermal springs. For example, there are 33 recognized "magnitude one springs" (having a flow of over 2,800 L/s (99Ã, cuÃ,ft/s) in Florida alone.Sales Springs, Florida has a flow of over 21,000 L/s (740 cuÃ, ft/s) High-flow springs include:
- The Excelsior Geyser crater in Yellowstone National Park produces about 4,000 pounds/minute US (0.25 m 3 /s).
- Evans Falls in Hot Springs, South Dakota has a flow rate of 5,000 US gal/mnt (0.32 m 3 /s) of 87Ã, Â ° F (31Ã, Â ° C). The Plunge, built in 1890, is the largest natural warm swimming pool in the world.
- The combined stream of 47 hot springs in Hot Springs, Arkansas is 35Ã, L/s (1.2Ã, cuÃ, ft/s).
- Saturnia hot spring, Italy with about 500 liters per second
- The combined flow of hot spring complexes in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico is estimated at 99 liters/sec.
- Lava Hot Springs in Idaho has a flow of 130 liters/sec.
- Glenwood Springs in Colorado has a flow of 143 liters/sec.
- Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland, Australia may have a flow of 158 liters/second at the end of the 19th century, but now it has a flow of about 5 liters/sec.
- Deildartunguhver in Iceland has a flow of 180 liters/sec.
- The hot springs of Caldas Novas ("Hot Springs" in Portuguese) in Portuguese are tapped by 86 wells, of which 333 liters/sec are pumped for 14 hours per day. This corresponds to the highest average flow rate of 3.89 liter/second per well.
- 2,850 Beppu hot springs in Japan is Japan's highest flow hot spring complex. Together, the Beppu hot springs produce about 1,592 liters/sec, or the equivalent of an average hot water flow of 0.56 liters/sec.
- 303 hot springs from Kokonoe in Japan produce 1,028 liters/sec, which provides an average hot spring flow of 3.39 liters/sec.
- ? Ita Prefecture has 4,762 hot springs, with a total flow of 4,437 liters/sec, so the average hot water flow is 0.93 liters/sec.
- The highest thermal spring springs in Japan are Tamagawa Hot Springs in Akita Prefecture, which has a flow rate of 150 liters/sec. Tamagawa Hot Spring distributes a 3 m (9.8 ft) wide flow with a temperature of 98 Ã, Â ° C (208Ã, Â ° F).
- There are at least three hot springs in the Nage region 8 km (5.0 million) southwest of Bajawa in Indonesia that collectively produce more than 453.6 liters/sec.
- There are three large hot springs (Mengeruda, Wae Bana and Piga) 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Bajawa, Indonesia which together produce more than 450 liters/sec of hot water.
- The Dalhousie Springs complex in Australia has a total peak flow of over 23,000 liters/sec in 1915, giving the average spring in the output complex more than 325 liters/sec. This has been reduced now to a total flow of 17,370 liters/sec peak so that the average spring has a peak output of about 250 liters/sec.
- In the Boreal Yukon Forest, 25 minutes northwest of Whitehorse in northern Canada, Takhini Hot Springs flows out of Earth's interior at 385 L/min (85 Â ° imp/min; 102 US gal/min) and 47 Â ° C ( 118Ã, Â ° F) throughout the year.
Therapeutic use
Because hot water can withstand more dissolved solids than cold water, warm and especially hot springs often have very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium. Because of both folklore and the medical value that some claim from these springs, they are often a popular tourist destination, and locations for rehab clinics for those with disabilities.
Biota in hot springs
Thermophils are organisms - a type of extremophile - that thrives at high temperatures, between 45 and 80 ° C (113 and 176 ° F). Thermophils are found in hot springs, as well as deep sea hydrothermal pits and decaying plant matter such as peat and peat compost.
Some of the biota's hot springs are transmitted to humans. As an example:
- Naegleria fowleri , amoeba, live in warm waters and land around the world and can cause meningitis. Some deaths have been attributed to this amoeba, which enters the brain through the nasal passages.
- Acanthamoeba can also be spread through hot springs, according to the US Centers for Disease Control.
- Legionella bacteria have spread through hot springs.
- Viruses have been collected from extreme environments, for example, hot springs with temperatures of 87-93 ° C (189-199 ° F) and a very acidic pH of 1.5 in Pozzuoli, Italy. This virus is observed to infect cells in the laboratory.
The famous hot spring
There are hot springs in many countries and in all continents of the world. Countries renowned for its hot springs include China, Costa Rica, Iceland, Iran, Japan, New Zealand, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey and the United States but there are hot springs in many other places as well:
- Widely famous since the 1918 professor's chemistry report classified them as one of the world's most exclusive electrolytic waters, Rio Hondo Hot Springs in northern Argentina has become one of the most visited in the world. The Cacheuta Spa is another famous hot springs in Argentina.
- The springs in Europe with the highest temperatures are located in France, in a small village called Chaudes-Aigues. Located in the heart of France's Auvergne volcano region, thirty natural hot springs of Chaudes-Aigues have temperatures ranging from 45 ° C (113 ° F) to over 80 ° C (176 ° F). The hottest, "Source du Par", has a temperature of 82 Â ° C (179.6 Â ° F). Hot water flowing below the village has provided heat for homes and for churches since the 14th century. Chaudes-Aigues (Cantal, France) is a spa city known since the Roman Empire for rheumatic treatments.
- One of the most potent geothermal reservoirs in India is the hot spring Tattapani Madhya Pradesh.
Etiquette
The observed customs and practices differ depending on the hot springs. This is a common practice that must be washed before entering the water so as not to pollute the water (with/without soap). In many countries, such as Japan, must include hot springs without clothing, including swimwear. Usually in these circumstances, there are different facilities or times for men and women. In some countries, if this is a common hot spring, bathing suits are required.
See also
References
Further reading
- Marjorie Gersh-Young (2011). Hot Springs and Swimming Pool in the Southwest: Jayson Loam Original Guide . Aqua Thermal Access. ISBN: 1-890880-07-8.
- Marjorie Gersh-Young (2008). Hot Springs & amp; Hot Pools Of The Northwest . Aqua Thermal Access. ISBN: 1-890880-08-6.
- G. J Woodsworth (1999). West Canada's hot spring: complete guide . West Vancouver: Gordon Soules. ISBN: 0-919574-03-3.
- Clay Thompson (1-12-03). "Tonopah: It's Water Below Bush". Republic of Arizona. p.Ã, B12.
External links
- Thermal Springs List for United States - 1,661 hot springs
- "Geothermal Resources from Great Artesian Basin, Australia" (PDF) . GHC Bulletin . 23 (2). June 2002.
- Scientific paper with maps of more than 20 geothermal areas in Uganda
- List of 100 hot springs and hot springs in New Zealand
- Hot springs all over the world
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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