Köppen climate classification

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The Climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by climate expert Wladimir KÃÆ'¶ppen (1846-1940) in 1884, with some later modifications by KÃÆ'¶ppen, especially in 1918 and 1936. Then, climate expert Rudolf Geiger (1954, 1961) collaborated with KÃÆ'Â ¶ppen on changes to the classification system, which is sometimes called the KÃÆ'¶ppen-Geiger climate classification system.

Climate classification KÃÆ'¶ppen divides the climate into five major climatic groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (dry), C (medium), D (continent ), and E (poles). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are given the main group (first letter). All climates except for those in the E group are given a subgroup of seasonal rainfall (second letter). For example, Af shows the climate of tropical rainforest. The system sets the temperature sub-group for all groups other than the A group, shown by the third letter for climate in B , C and D , and the second letter for climate in E . For example, Cfb shows the ocean climate with warm summers as indicated by the end b . Climate is classified based on unique specific criteria for each type of climate.

KÃÆ'¶ppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, so that major climatic groups were based on the variety of vegetation growing in the climates of each group. In addition to identifying climate, this system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation in the climate. Because of its relationship to plant life in a region, this system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life in a region.

The KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification system was further modified, in Trewartha's climatic classification system in the mid-1960s (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system seeks to create a more subtle middle-class climatic zone, which is one of the criticisms of the KÃÆ'¶ppen system (the climate group C is too broad).

Video Köppen climate classification

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The KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification scheme divides the climate into five major climatic clusters: A (tropical), B (dry), C (medium temperature) , D (continent), and E (pole). The second letter indicates the type of seasonal rainfall, while the third indicates the heat level.

Group A: Tropical climate (megathermal)

This type of climate is monthly throughout the year with an average temperature of 18 ° C (64.4 ° F) or higher, with significant rainfall.

• Af = Climate of tropical rainforest; average rainfall of at least 60 mm (2.4 inches) in each month.
• Am = Tropical monsoon climate; The driest moon (which almost always occurs on or shortly after the "winter" solstice for the equator) with rainfall of less than 60 mm (2.4 inches), but more than 4% of the total annual rainfall.
• Aw or As = Wet and dry climate or tropical savannah; with the driest moon having rainfall of less than 60 mm (2.4 inches) and less than 4% of the total annual rainfall.

Group B: Dry climate (arid and semiarid)

This type of climate is defined by a little precipitation.

Multiply the mean annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then add

(a) 280 if 70% or more of total rainfall is in spring and summer (April-September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October-March in the South), or

(b) 140 if 30% -70% of total rainfall is received during spring and summer, or

(c) 0 if less than 30% of total rainfall is received during spring and summer.

If annual rainfall is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is within the range of 50% -100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

The third letter may be entered to indicate the temperature. Initially, h marks a low latitudinal climate (mean annual temperatures above 18 ° C (64.4 ° F)) while k indicates middle latitudes (mean annual temperatures below 18 ° C), but practice which is more common nowadays, especially in the United States, is to use h means that the coldest month has an average temperature above 0 ° C (32 ° F), with k indicating that at least one month averages below 0 ° C. N is used to indicate a climate characterized by frequent fog.

• BWh = Hot desert climate
• BWk = Cold desert climate
• BWn = Climate desert with fog often
• BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
• BSk = Cold semi-arid climate
• BSn = Semi-dried climate with fog often

Group C: Medium climate (mesothermal)

This type of climate has the coldest month on average between 0 ° C (32 ° F) and 18 ° C (64.4 ° F) and at least one month on average above 10 ° C (50 ° C F).

• Cfa = Subtropical climate is humid; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), at least one month of average temperatures above 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F)). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met). No dry months in summer.
• Cfb = Medium ocean climates; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), all months with average temperatures below 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Cfc = Subpolar ocean climates; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 ° C (50 ° F). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Cwa = Humid sub-tropical climate affected by rain; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), at least one month of average temperatures above 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F)). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Cwb = Highland subtropical climate or ocean climate affected by the rainy season; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), all months with average temperatures below 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Cwc = Climate subtropical cold climate or subpolltic ocean climate affected by the rainy season; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 ° C (50 ° F). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Csa = The summer Mediterranean climate; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), at least one month of average temperatures above 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F)). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).
• Csb = A warm summer Mediterranean climate; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F), all months with average temperatures below 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).
• Csc = Cool summer Mediterranean climate; the coldest month on average above 0 ° C (32 ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 ° C (50 ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).

Group D: Continental (mikrothermal) climate

This type of climate has at least one month on average under -3 Â ° C (27 Â ° F) and at least one month on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F).

• Dfa = damp continental summer climate; the coldest month averaging below -3 Â ° C (27 Â ° F), at least one month of average temperatures above 22 Â ° C (71.6 Â ° F), and at least four months on the average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Dfb = A warm, damp continental summer climate; the coldest month averaging below -3 Â ° C (27 Â ° F), all months with average temperatures below 22 Â ° C (71.6 Â ° F), and at least four months on the average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F)). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Dfc = the climate of Subarchica; the coldest month averaging below -3 Â ° C (27 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Dfd = Very cold subarctic climates; the coldest month averaging below -38 Â ° C (-36.4 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). There is no significant difference in rainfall between seasons (neither of the above conditions are met).
• Dwa = Summer-affected summer humid climate; the coldest month averaging below 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F), at least one month of average temperatures above 22 Â ° C (71.6 Â ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F)). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Dwb = Winter-affected winter continental climate; the coldest month averaging below 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F), all months with average temperatures below 22 Â ° C (71.6 Â ° F), and at least four months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Dwc = Subarktic climates affected by the rainy season; the coldest month averaging below 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Dwd = Subarktic climates that are heavily influenced by winter; the coldest month averaging below -38 Â ° C (-36.4 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least ten times more rain on the wettest month in summer as in the coldest winter months (the alternative definition is 70% or more of the annual average rainfall received in the six hottest months).
• Dsa = Climate of hot humid continent influenced by summer in Mediterranean; the coldest month averaging below 0 ° C (32 ° F), the average temperature of the warmest month above 22 ° C (71.6 ° F) and at least four months on average above 10 ° C C (50 Â ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).
• Etc = Mediterranean continental warm moist climate continent; the coldest month averaging below 0 ° C (32 ° F), the hottest average temperature of the month under 22 ° C (71.6 ° F) and at least four months on average above 10 ° C (50 Â ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).
• Dsc = subarctic climate; the coldest month averaging below 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).
• Dsd = very cold, subarctic climate; the coldest month averaging below -38 Â ° C (-36.4 Â ° F) and 1-3 months on average above 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). At least three times more rainfall in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest moon of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 inches).

Group E: Climate polar alpine (montane)

This climate varies monthly throughout the year with average temperatures below 10 ° C (50 ° F).

• ET = Tundra climate; the average temperature of the warmest month between 0 ° C (32 ° F) and 10 ° C (50 ° F).
• EF = Climate ice cap; an eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with an average temperature below 0 ° C (32 ° F).

Maps Köppen climate classification

Schemes

Group Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates

The tropical climate is characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevation); all 12 months of the year have an average temperature of 18 Â ° C (64.4 Â ° F) or higher. They are divided as follows:

Tropical rainforest climate

All 12 months have an average rainfall of at least 60 mm (2.4 inches). This climate usually occurs within 10 Â ° latitude of the equator. This climate is dominated by the low-pressure system of sluggish year-round, so it has no natural season in terms of thermal and moisture changes.

Contoh

Some places with this climate are wet evenly and monotonous throughout the year (for example, the Pacific coast of northwestern South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for example, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, higher solar periods and longer wetter days (as in Palembang, Indonesia) or lower sunlight and shorter days may have more rain (as in Sitiawan, Malaysia).

( Note The term aseasonal refers to the lack of tropical zones of daytime difference and average monthly (or daily) temperatures throughout the year Annual change in cycles occurs in the tropics, but not as predictably as in zones temperate, soil, or groundwater Response of plants (eg, phenology), animals , hunting, fishing, etc.) is set to this 'seasonal season', indeed, in tropical South America and Central America the 'rainy season' (and 'high water season') is called invierno or inverno , although it may occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer, likewise, 'dry season' (and 'low water season') is called verano i> or verÃÆ'Â £ o , and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

Tropical monsoon climate

This type of climate is produced from a monsoon that changes direction according to the seasons. This climate has the driest moon (which almost always occurs on or shortly after the "winter" solstice for the equator) with rainfall of less than 60 mm, but more than 1/25 of the total annual rainfall.

Example

Wet and dry climate or tropical savannah

Aw The climate has a real dry season, with the driest moon having rainfall less than 60 mm and less than 1/25 of the total annual rainfall.

Contoh

Most of these climatic spots are found on the outskirts of the tropical zone from low teenagers to mid-20s, but sometimes the inner tropical location (eg San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. In fact, the coast of the Caribbean, to the east of the Gulf of UrabÃÆ'¡ on the Colombian-PanamÃÆ'¡ border to the Orinoco River delta, in the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000 km), has a long dry period (extreme is BSh climate see below), characterized by extremely low and unreliable rainfall, present, for example, in large areas of Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northern peninsula of South America, which receives & lt; 300 mm total annual rainfall , almost all in two or three months).

This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles that form the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season decreases in the (southern) land; at the latitude of the Amazon River - which flows eastward, just south of the equator - the climate is af . East of the Andes, between dried dry Caribbean and the always wet Amazon is llanos or savanna in the Orinoco River, from where this climate takes its name.

Sometimes As is used instead of Aw if the dry season occurs during higher sun and longer days. This is the case in parts of Hawaii, the northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, and the Northeast Coast of Brazil. In most places that have a wet and dry tropical climate, however, the dry season occurs during low solar time and the days are shorter due to the effects of rain shadows during the 'high sun' part of the year.

Example

• Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic ( As )
• Recife, Brazil ( As )
• Christmas, Brazil ( As )
• Trincomalee, Sri Lanka ( As )
• Mombasa, Kenya ( As )
Group B: semi-dry) climate

This climate is characterized by actual precipitation less than a set threshold value equal to potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is defined as:

Multiply the mean annual temperature in Ã, Â ° C to 20, then add (a) 280 if 70% or more of the total rainfall is in the high half-year sun (April to September in the northern hemisphere, or October to March at South), or (b) 140 if 30% -70% of the total rainfall is received during the applicable period, or (c) 0 if less than 30% of the total rainfall is received.

According to the modified KÃÆ'¶ppen classification system used by modern climatologists, the total rainfall in the hottest six months of the year is taken as a reference rather than total rainfall in the high half sun throughout the year.

If annual rainfall is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the 50% -100% range of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: climatic climate).

The third letter may be entered to indicate the temperature. Initially, h signifies a low latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 ° C) while k signifies the middle latitudes climate (mean annual temperature below 18 Â ° C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use h which means that the coldest month has an average temperature above 0 ° C (32 ° F), with k indicating that at least one month on average is below 0 Ã, Â ° C.

The desert areas located along the west coast of the continent in tropical or near-tropical locations are characterized by colder temperatures than those found elsewhere in comparable latitudes (due to nearby cold ocean currents) and frequent fog and low clouds, regardless from the fact that places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual rainfall received. This climate is sometimes labeled BWn . The BSn category can be found in the misty coastal steppes.

Desert climatic example

Semi-dry example

Sometimes, a fourth letter is added to show whether the winter or the summer half of the year is more "wet" than the other half. To qualify, the wettest month should have at least 60 mm (2.4 in) of average rainfall if all 12 months is above 18 Â ° C (64 Â ° F), or 30 mm (1.2 in) if no; plus at least 70% of the total rainfall should be in the same half of the year as the wettest month - but the letter used shows when the 'dry' season occurs, not the 'wet' season. This will produce Khartoum, Sudan, which is calculated as BWhw ; Niamey, Niger, as BShw ; Alexandria, Egypt, as BWhs ; Asbi'ah, Libya, as BShs ; ÃÆ' â € "mnÃÆ'¶govi Province, Mongolia, as BWkw ; and Xining, Qinghai, China, such as BSkw (BWks and BSks are absent if 0Ã, Â ° C in the coldest month is recognized as h / k limit.) If the standard for w or s is met, no fourth letter is added.

Group C: Medium/mesothermal

In the Koppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having average temperatures above -3 C (26.6 F) (or 0 Ã, Â ° C in some versions, as noted earlier) in their coldest months but under 18 C (64.4 F). The average temperature -3C is roughly equal to the equatorial boundary of frozen soil and snowcover that lasts for a month or more.

The second letter shows the rainfall pattern - w shows the dry season (the winter average rainfall in the driest month is less than one tenth of the wetest rainfall in winter. shows at least three times as much rain in the wettest month in winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant rainfall in all seasons (neither of the above mentioned conditions are met).

The third letter shows the summer heat level - a showing the hottest average temperature of the month above 22 ° C (72 ° F) while b indicates the hottest month on average below 22 Ã, Â ° C.

Mediterranean Climate

This climate usually occurs on the western side of the continent between latitudes 30 Â ° and 45 Â °. This climate is in the polar front region in the winter, and thus has temperate and fluid temperatures, rainy weather. Summer is hot and dry, due to the dominance of the subtropical high pressure system, except in the immediate coastal area, where summer is lighter due to the presence of nearby cold ocean currents that can carry fog but prevent rain.

Contoh

The dry summer climate sometimes extends to additional areas that are not normally associated with typical Mediterranean climate. Since their hottest monthly averages do not reach 22 ° C (71.6 ° F), they are classified as ( Csb ). Some of these areas will be bordered by Oceanic climate ( Cfb ), unless their drought patterns meet the KÃÆ'¶ppen Cs threshold.

Example

• Santiago, Chile ( csb abut BSk )
• A CoruÃÆ' Â ± a, Spanish ( Csb )
• Essaouira, Morocco ( Csb )
• Porto, Portugal ( Csb )
• Potenza, Italy ( Csb )
• San Francisco, California, United States ( Csb )
• Santa Barbara, California, United States ( Csb )
• Seattle, Washington, United States ( Csb )
• Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ( Csb )
• Cape Town, South Africa ( Csb )
• Albany, Western Australia, Australia ( Csb )

The cold winter-Mediterranean climate ( Csc ) exists in high-altitude areas adjacent to the coastal area of ​​ Csb , where strong maritime influences prevent seasonal temperatures cold every month from down below. Ã, Â ° C. This climate is rare and is especially found in the rural and remote areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry season climate extends farther in America than elsewhere. A rare example of this climate can be found in several coastal locations in the North Atlantic and in the highlands of Hawaii.

Example

• Balmaceda, Chile ( Csc )
• Haleakal? Summit, Hawaii, United States ( Csc )

Damp subtropical climate

This climate usually occurs on the east coast and the eastern side of the continent, usually in latitudes of the 20s and 30s. In contrast to the dry summer climate of the Mediterranean, humid subtropical climates have warm and wet streams from the tropics that create warm and humid conditions in summer. Thus, summer (not winter as it did in Mediterranean climate) is often the wettest season.

The outflow of subtropical and summer altitudes creates the southern flows of the tropics bringing warm and humid air to the eastern lower sides of the continent. This flow often brings frequent but short-lived summer winds typical of more southerly climates such as the southern United States, southern China and Japan.

Contoh

The Dry-Subtropical Winter ( Cwa ) is affected by the rainy season, having a classic winter/winter classic drought pattern linked to the rainy tropical climate.

Example

Oceanic climate

Cfb climates usually occur in higher middle latitudes on the western side of the continent between latitudes 40 Â ° and 60 Â °; they are usually located immediately at the poles of the Mediterranean climate, although in Australia and South Africa the extreme climate is immediately discovered polar regions of temperate climates, and at rather low latitudes. In Western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal regions up to 63 Â ° N in Norway.

This climate is dominated throughout the year by the polar front, leading to frequent and often cloudy weather. The summers are cool because of the cold ocean currents, but winters are lighter than other climates in the same latitudes, but are usually very cloudy. Cfb climates are also found at high altitudes in certain subtropical and tropical regions, where the climate would be subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. This climate is called "plateau".

Contoh

The subpolar ocean climates occur at the poles or at higher altitudes than temperate climates, and most are confined either to narrow the coastline on the western poleward margins of the continent, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to the offshore islands. They occur in both hemispheres, most often at latitudes from 60 ° north and south to 70 ° north and south.

Example

• ReykjavÃÆ'k, Iceland ( Cfc , bordering on Dfc )
• TÃÆ'³rshavn, Faroe Islands ( Cfc )
• RÃÆ'¸st, Norway ( Cfc )
• Mount Read, Tasmania, Australia ( Cfc , bordered by ET)
• Auckland Islands, New Zealand ( Cfc )
• Punta Arenas, Chile ( Cfc )
• Unalaska, Alaska, United States ( Cfc )

Highland climate

The winter highland climate (Cwb ) is a type of climate found mainly in highlands in the tropical regions of Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Madagascar, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa or central Argentina and regions outside the tropics as in subtropics). Winter is visible and dry, and summer can be very rainy. In the tropics, the wet season is triggered by tropical air masses and dry winters by subtropical high pressure.

Contex

• Da Lat, Vietnam ( Coon )
• Shimla, India ( Coon )
• Thimphu, Bhutan ( Coon )
• Mokhotlong, Lesotho ( Cwb )
• Mbabane, Swaziland ( Nook )
• Nairobi, Kenya ( Kapas
)
• Baguio, Filipina ( Coon )
• Kunming, China ( Coon )
• Mexico, Mexico ( Coon )
• Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ( Kapas
)
• Harare, Zimbabwe ( As )
• Antananarivo, Madagascar ( Coon )
• Johannesburg, South Africa ( Coon )
• Cusco, Peru ( Coon )
• La Paz, Bolivia ( berbatasan dengan Cwc )
• Salta, Argentina ( Kapas
)

The highland climate with uniform rainfall ( Cfb ) is a type of marine climate found primarily in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Greater Divide Range in the states of New South Wales and Victoria, and also rarely on other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike ordinary Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both Cfb and Cfa climates. Although unlike this climate, they have diurnal high temperature and low humidity variations, due to its inland location and relatively high altitudes.

Contoh

• Quito, Provinsi Pichincha, Ekuador ( Cfb )
• BogotÃÆ'¡, Cundinamarca, Kolombia ( Cfb )
• Curitiba, ParanÃÆ'¡, Brasil ( Cfb )
• SÃÆ' £ o Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brasil ( Cfb )
• Campos do JordÃÆ' £ o, SÃÆ' £ o Paulo, Brasil ( Cfb )
• Boone, North Carolina, Amerika Serikat ( Cfb )
• Constanza, Republik Dominika ( Cfb )
• Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia ( Cfb )
• Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia ( Cfb )
• Dataran Tinggi Cameron, Malaysia ( Cfb )
• Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka ( Cfb )
• Mendi, Papua New Guinea ( Cfb )
• Gunung Hagen, Papua New Guinea ( Cfb )

Grup D: Iklim benua/mikrothermal

This climate has an average temperature above 10 ° C (50 ° F) in their hottest months, and the lowest average in the months below -3 ° C (or 0 ° C in some versions, as mentioned before). This usually occurs in the interior of the continent and on their upper east coast, typically north of 40 Â ° N. In the Southern Hemisphere, cluster climate D is extremely rare due to the smaller ground mass at mid-latitudes and almost no land at 40-60 Â ° S, only in some highland locations.

Continuous summer heat climate

Dfa climates typically occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitude, with average temperatures qualifying in the hottest months greater than 22 Ã, Â ° C/72Ã, Â ° F. In Europe, this climate tends to be drier than in North America. In eastern Asia, the climate extends further south due to the influence of Siberia's high pressure system, which also causes the winter there to become dry, and the summers can be very wet because of the monsoon's circulation. Dsa is at a higher altitude adjacent to areas in the Mediterranean summer hot climate ( Csa ).

Example

• Almaty, Kazakhstan ( Dfa )
• Oral, Kazakhstan ( Dfa )
• Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, Japan ( Dfa )
• Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan ( Dfa )
• Sapporo, Japan ( Dfa , bordering on Dfb )
• Chicago, Illinois, United States ( Dfa )
• Boston, Massachusetts, United States ( Dfa )
• Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States ( Dfa )
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada ( Dfa , bordering on Dfb )
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada ( Dfa , bordering Dfb )
• Windsor, Ontario, Canada ( Dfa )
• Bucharest, Romania ( Dfa )
• Rostov-on-Don, Russia ( Dfa )
• Volgograd, Russia ( Dfa )
• Pyongyang, North Korea ( Dwa )
• Seoul, South Korea ( Dwa )
• Beijing, China ( Dwa )
• Harbin, China ( Dwa )
• Tianjin, China ( Dwa )

Dsa only exists at higher altitude adjacent to areas with hot Mediterranean climate ( Csa ).

Example

• Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ( Dsa )
Saqqez, Kurdistan Province, Iran ( Dsa )
• Arak, Markazi Province, Iran ( Dsa )
• HakkÃÆ'Â ¢ ri, Turkey ( Dsa )
• Mu ?, Turkish ( Dsa )
• Cambridge, Idaho, United States ( Dsa )
Warm climate of continental or summer hemiboreal

Dwb and Dwb the climate soon became the poles of the hot summer climate, generally in the low 40s and 50s in North America and Asia, and also extended to the line higher latitudes in the center and Eastern Europe and Russia, between sub-tropical maritime and continental climate, where it extends to 65 degrees latitude in place.

Contoh

Dsb emerge from the same scenario as Dsa , but at higher altitudes or latitudes, and especially in North America, since the Mediterranean climate extends the poleward even further than in Eurasia.

Example

• Sivas, Turkey ( Etc )
• Roghun, Tajikistan ( Etc )
• Dras, India ( Dsb )
• Flagstaff, Arizona, United States ( Etc )
• South Lake Tahoe, California, United States ( Dsb )
• Wallace, Idaho, United States ( Etc )

Subarctic or boreal climate

Dfc , Dsc and Dwc poleward climates occur from other Group D clusters, generally at 50 and 60 degrees North low latitude. In some places, it extends northward to more than 70 ° N.

Contoh :

Places with this climate ( Dfd , Dwd , Dsd ) have a severe winter, with temperatures in their coldest month lower than -38 Â ° C. This climate only occurs in eastern Siberia. The names of some places with this climate have become a real synonym for extreme and severe winters.

Contoh

• Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia ( Dfd )
• Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia ( Dfd )
• Amga, Sakha Republic, Russia ()
• Oymyakon, Republik Sakha, Russia ( Dwd )
• Seymchan, Magadan, Russia ( Dwd )
Group E: Iklim kutub

In the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the hottest temperatures each month below 10Ã, Â ° C (50Ã, Â ° F). The polar climate is further divided into two types, tundra climate and climate icecap:

Tundra Climate ( ET and ETf ): The hottest month has average temperatures between 0 and 10 Â ° C. This climate occurs on the northern edge from the mainland of North America and the Eurasian mainland (generally north of 70 Â ° N although can be found further south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near Antarctic Convergence, and at high altitudes beyond the polar regions, above the tree line.

Example

• Mount Rainier, Washington, United States ( ET )
• Macquarie Island, Australia ( ET )
• Crozet Islands ( ET )
• Campbell Island, New Zealand ( ET )
• Kerguelen Islands ( ET )
• Prince Edwards Islands ( ET )
• Stanley, Falkland Islands, United Kingdom ( ET ), bordering the subcolar sea ( Cfc )
• Ushuaia, Argentina ( ET ), (bordering Cfc )
• Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia ( ET )
• Nagqu, Tibet, China ( ET )
• Letseng diamond mine, Lesotho ( ET , bordered by Cfc and Dfc )
• La Rinconada, Peru ( ET )
• Cairn Gorm, United Kingdom ( ET )

This climate is a cooler and more continental tundra variant. They will have the characteristics of ice cap climate, but still manage to see the average monthly temperature above 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F):

Example

• Nanortalik, Greenland ( ETf )
• Mount Fuji, Japan ( ETf )
• Murghab, Tajikistan ( ETf )
• Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States ( ETf )
• Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany ( ETf )
• Eureka, Nunavut, Canada ( ETf )
• Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada ( ETf )
• Inukjuak, Quebec, Canada ( ETf )
• Nuuk, Greenland ( ETf , bordering Dfc)
• Svalbard, Norway ( ETf )
• Mys Shmidta, Russia ( ETf )
• Dikson Island, Russia ( ETf )
• Nord, Greenland ( ETf )
• Esperanza Base, Antarctica ( ETf )

Climate ice cap ( EF ): This climate is predominant in Antarctica and Greenland in, but also occurs at very high altitudes in the mountains, even above the tundra. The monthly average temperature never exceeds 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F).

Example

• Mount Ararat, Turkey ( EF )
• Grossglockner, Carinthia, Austria ( EF )
• Mount Everest, China/Nepal ( EF )
• Summit Camp, Greenland ( EF )
• Scott Base, Antarctica ( EF )
• Vostok Station, Antarctica ( EF ), the lowest air temperature location ever recorded on Earth.
• McMurdo Station, Antarctica ( EF )
• Byrd Station, Antarctica ( EF )

Sometimes, the third letter, lower case is added to the ET climate (distinguish between ETf, ET, and ETw), if summer or winter is clearly drier than the other half of the year. When the option to enter this letter is implemented, the same standards used for Groups C and D apply, with the additional requirement that the wettest month should have an average of at least 30 mm rainfall (Group E climate can be dry or even drier than Group B climate based on the actual rainfall received, but their evaporation rate is much lower). Seasonal rainfall letters are almost never attached to EF climate, mainly because of the difficulty in distinguishing between falling and blowing snow, because snow is the only source of moisture in this climate.



src: koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at




Ecological significance

Climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen is based on an empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions determined by their temperature and rainfall and seasonality by a single metric. Because the climatic conditions identified by the KÃÆ'¶ppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climates and associated ecosystem conditions.

Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential vegetation changes over time. The most important ecological importance of the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification is to help predict the dominant vegetation type based on climate data and vice versa.

In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Nature analyzed the climatic classification found that between 1950 and 2010, about 5.7% of the entire land area worldwide had moved from a wetter classification and cooler to a drier and hotter classification. The authors also found that changes "can not be explained as natural variations but driven by anthropogenic factors."



src: scrapsofme.me




Trewartha climate classification scheme

Climate classification Trewartha is a climate classification system published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966, and updated in 1980. This is a modified version of the K999ppen system, made to answer some of the deficiencies of the KÃÆ'¶ppen system. The Trewartha system tries to redefine mid-latitudes to be closer to vegetation zonation and the genetic climate system. It is considered to be a more true or real-world reflection of the "real world".

For example, under the standard KÃÆ'¶ppen system, in the United States, western Washington and Oregon are classified into the same climatic zone as southern California, although the two regions have very different weather and vegetation. Under the KÃÆ'¶ppen system, the cool ocean climate like the one in London or Seattle is classified in the same zone as hot subtropical cities like Savannah, Georgia or Brisbane, Australia. In the United States, locations such as Colorado and Iowa that have a long and severe winter climate where plants are completely inactive, are classified into the same climatic zone as Louisiana or northern Florida that have mild winters and green winter scenery.



src: oi67.tinypic.com




KÃÆ'¶ppen other climate map

Semua peta menggunakan definisi> = 0 ° C untuk iklim sedang dan ambang suhu rata-rata tahunan 18 ° C untuk membedakan antara iklim kering panas dan dingin.




src: www.pnas.org




Lihat juga

• Holdridge zona hidup klasifikasi iklim dengan tiga dimensi: curah hujan, kelembaban, dan rasio evapotranspirasi potensial
• Skala kerapuhan yang harum
• Zona tahan banting



src: www.carbonbrief.org




Referensi




src: cdoovision.com




Tautan eksternal

• Peta Dunia klasifikasi iklim KÃÆ'¶ppen-Geiger untuk periode 1951-2000
• Peta iklim global, menggunakan klasifikasi KÃÆ'¶ppen (FAO, 1999)

Catatan iklim

• Pusat Distribusi Data IPCC

Source of the article : Wikipedia