Landscape is a visible feature of land areas, landscapes, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features.
The landscape includes physical elements of geophysically defined landscapes such as mountains (enclosed ice), hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and seas, living elements from land cover including native vegetation, human elements including various shapes land use, buildings and structures, and temporary elements such as lighting and weather conditions.
Combining both their physical origin and cultural expanse of human presence, often made over thousands of years, the landscape reflects the synthesis of people's lives and places that are important to local and national identities. Landscape characters help define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and the sense of place that distinguishes one region from another. This is a dynamic background for people's lives. The landscape can be as diverse as farmland, landscape parks, or jungle.
The Earth has a variety of landscapes, including the cold landscape of the polar regions, the mountain landscape, the vast and arid desert landscape, islands and coastal landscapes, forest landscapes or heavily forested areas including past boreal forests and tropical rainforest, and a temperate and tropical agricultural landscape area.
Activity modifying the visible features of the land area is referred to as landscape .
Video Landscape
Definisi dan etimologi
There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on the context. However, in common usage, landscape refers to all the visible features of the land area (usually rural), often considered in terms of aesthetic appeal, or pictorial representation of rural areas, particularly in the landscape painting genre. When people deliberately improve the aesthetic appearance of a plot of land - by changing contours and plants, etc. - said to have been styled, although the results may not form a landscape according to some definitions.
The word landscape (landscipe or landscue ) arrived in England - and therefore into English - after the fifth century, after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxon ; these terms refer to man-made space systems on land. The term landscape appeared around the turn of the sixteenth century to show a painting whose main subject is the landscape. Land (a word from German origin) can be taken in the sense that something is owned by people (as in England being British soil). Suffix -scape is equivalent to the more general English endpoint -ship. The -ship root is etymologically similar to Old English sceppan or scyppan , which means to form . The suffix -schaft is associated with the verb schaffen , so -ship and shape is also etymologically related. The modern form of the word, with its connotation of the scene, appeared at the end of the sixteenth century when the term landschap was introduced by Dutch painters who used it to refer to rural landscapes or rural paintings. The word landscape , first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from the term Dutch painter. The popular conception of landscape that is reflected in the dictionary conveys both the special and the general meaning, which specifically refers to the surface area of ​​the earth and the common beings that can be seen by the observer. This second use example can be found as early as 1662 in the General Prayer Book:
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- Can we but climb up where Moses stood,
- And look at the scenery.
- (General Hymns, verse 536).
There are several words that are often associated with word landscapes:
- Landscape: The natural features of the landscape are considered in terms of their appearance, in particular. when it is beautiful: spectacular mountain scenery.
- Settings: In a narrative (especially fictitious) work, it includes historical moments in the time and geographical location where the story takes place, and helps start the main background and mood for a story.
- Beautiful: The word literally means "by image, suitable for drawing", and is used as early as 1703 ( Oxford English Dictionary ), and comes from the Italian term pittoresco , "by means of a painter". Gilpin's Essay on Prints (1768) defines beautiful as "an expressive term of a strange kind of beauty, which fits in an image" (p. Xii).
- Views: "A scene or prospect of some extended landscape or scene; level or area covered by the eye from a single point" (OED).
- Forests: An uninhabited, uninhabited, and unfriendly territory. See also Natural scenery.
- Cityscape (also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the visual arts, a urban landscape is an artistic representation, such as painting, drawing, print or photograph, from the physical aspect of a city or an urban area.
- Seascape: A photograph, painting, or other artwork depicting the sea, in other words an example of marine art.
Maps Landscape
Physical scene
Geomorphology: The physical evolution of the landscape
Geomorphology is a scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and brimetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating on or near the surface of the Earth. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look like what they do, to understand the history and dynamics of landforms and to predict change through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is practiced in physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archeology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interest contributes to the many styles and interests of research in this area.
The Earth's surface is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geological processes that cause tectonic ups and downs, and form coastal geography. The surface process consists of the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth, together with chemical reactions that form the soil and alter the material properties, stability and rate of topographic changes under the force of gravity, and other factors, in the past) human change from the landscape. Many of these factors are highly mediated by climate. Geological processes include mounting elevations, volcanic growth, isostatic changes in ground level elevations (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep sedimentary basins in which the Earth's surface falls and is filled with eroded material from others. part of the landscape. The surface of the Earth and its topography is therefore an intersection of climate, hydrological, and biological action by geological processes.
List of landscape types
Desert, Polos, Taiga, Tundra, Wetlands, Mountains, Mountains, Cliffs, Beaches, Littoral Zones, Glaciers, Earth Polar Regions, Bushes, Forests, Rain Forests, Forests, Forests, Moors.
Landscape ecology
Landscape ecology is the study of and improves the relationship between ecological processes in specific environments and ecosystems. This is done in a variety of landscape scales, the development of spatial patterns, and the level of research and policy organizations.
Landscape is a central concept in landscape ecology. However, it is defined in a very different way. For example: Carl Troll regards the landscape not as a mental construct, but as an object given objectively as an 'organic entity', 'a harmonious individual individual' '. Ernst Neef defines the landscape as part of a vast interconnected interconnected earth interconnection defined as such based on its uniformity in terms of certain land uses, and thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic fashion.
According to Richard Forman and Michael Godron, landscaping is a heterogeneous field consisting of a group of interacting ecosystems that are repeated in similar form throughout, where they record forests, pastures, swamps and villages as examples of landscape ecosystems, and state that The landscape is an area at least a few miles wide. John A. Wiens opposes the traditional view described by Carl Troll, Isaac S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that the landscape is an arena in which humans interact with their environment on a wide-kilometer scale; Instead, it defines 'landscape' - regardless of scale - as "a template in which spatial patterns affect ecological processes". Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems within close proximity.
Integrated landscape management
Integrated landscape management is a way of managing the landscape that brings together multiple stakeholders, who collaborate to integrate policies and practices for their different land use objectives, with the goal of achieving sustainable landscapes. He acknowledges that, for example, a river valley can supply water for cities and agriculture, timber and food crops for smallholders and industry, and habitats for biodiversity; the way in which each of these sectors pursues their goals can impact others. The goal is to minimize the conflict between different land use objectives and ecosystem services. This approach refers to the ecology of the landscape, as well as many related fields that also seek to integrate various land and user uses, such as watershed management.
Integrated landscape management advocates argue that it is well suited to addressing the complex global challenges, such as those that are the focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. Integrated landscape management is increasingly raised at the national, local and international levels, for example the UN Environment Program states that "UNEP wins the de facto landscape approach as it embodies the key elements of integrated ecosystem management."
Landscape Archeology
Landscape archeology or landscape history is the study of how humans change the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to the natural environment and environment built by humans. The landscape is considered an environment that has not been changed by humans in any form or form. The cultural landscape, on the other hand, is an environment that has been changed by people (including temporary structures and places, such as campsites, created by humans). Among archaeologists, the term landscape can refer to the meanings and changes that people mark around them. Thus, landscape archeology is often used to study the use of land by humans over a wide period of time. Landscape archeology can be inferred by Nicole Branton's statement:
- "landscape archaeological landscape may be as small as a single household or park or an empire," and "although the exploitation of resources, class and power is often a topic of landscape archeology, landscape approaches to spatial relationships, ecological or economic. While similar to archaeological settlements and ecological archeology, landscape approaches model places and spaces as dynamic participants in past behavior, not just setting (influencing human actions), or artifacts (influenced by human actions).
Cultural landscape
The concept of a cultural landscape can be found in the tradition of European landscape painting. From the sixteenth century onwards, many European artists painted scenes that support people, reducing people in their paintings to the numbers included in the wider and region-specific landscape.
Geographer Otto Schlö¼ter is credited with having the first "cultural landscape" formally used as an academic term early in the 20th century. In 1908, Schlü¼ter argued that by defining geography as Landschaftskunde (landscape science), it would provide a logical geography of matter shared by no other discipline. He defines two landscape forms: Urlandschaft (transl: original landscape) or landscapes that exist before major human-induced changes and Kulturlandschaft (translation 'cultural landscape') a landscape that created by human culture. Geography's main task is to track changes in these two landscapes.
It is Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who may be most influential in promoting and developing the idea of ​​a cultural landscape. Sauer is determined to emphasize cultural agents as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth's surface in restricted areas. In its definition, the physical environment retains central significance, as the medium with and in which human culture acts. His classic definition of 'cultural landscape' reads as follows:
Cultural landscapes made from landscapes by cultural groups. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.
A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, is "a cultural property representing a combination of nature and human works."
The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscapes, ranging from (i) landscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) 'combined' works, to (iii) most clearly 'shaped' by people. (however highly appreciated). Three categories taken from the Operations Guidelines of the Committee are as follows:
- "Landscapes designed and created intentionally by humans";
- an "organically evolved landscape" that may be "a relic (or fossil) landscape" or "sustainable landscape"; and
- an "associative cultural landscape" that may be valued for "religious, artistic or cultural associations of natural elements".
Human concept and landscape representation
Garden landscape
The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style that has evolved for over three thousand years. It includes the vast gardens of the Chinese emperor and members of the Imperial Family, built for pleasure and to impress, and a more intimate garden made by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escaped from the outside world. They create the ideal miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and includes one or more ponds, rocks, trees and flowers, as well as various halls and pavilions inside the park, connected by winding roads and zigzag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can see a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like scrolls of landscape paintings.
The English landscape park, also called the UK landscape park or simply 'English garden', is a garden-style garden that is meant to look as though it might be a natural landscape, though it may be very reworked extensively. It appeared in England at the beginning of the 18th century, and spread throughout Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical jardin ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§aise of the 17th century as the main style for large gardens and gardens in Europe. The English garden (and later the French landscape park) presents an idealized natural landscape. It draws inspiration from landscape paintings by Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussin, and from the classical Eastern Chinese garden, which was recently described by European tourists and realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden, and the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
English gardens usually include a lake, sweeping gently rolling grass in the trees, and recreation of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges and other beautiful architecture, designed to create a beautiful pastoral landscape. Lancelot's "Capabilities" work of Brown and Humphry Repton are very influential. At the end of the 18th century, the English garden was imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far back as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk, the future gardens of Emperor Paul. It also had a major influence on the shape of public parks and gardens that emerged throughout the world in the 19th century.
Landscape architecture
The landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, combining aspects of botany, horticulture, fine arts, architecture, industrial design, geology and earth sciences, environmental psychology, geography, and ecology. The activities of landscape architects can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning to campus and corporate office parks, from residential design to civil infrastructure design and widespread desert area management or degraded landscape reclamation. such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external spaces - large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (grown) materials, while paying attention to ecological sustainability.
For the period before 1800, the history of landscaping landscaping (later called landscape architecture) is largely the master planning and design of gardens for royal houses, palaces and royal property, religious complexes, and central government. An example is the extensive work by AndrÃÆ' Â © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre at Vaux-le-Vicomte and at the Palace of Versailles for King Louis XIV of France. The first person to write about the landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. During the 19th century, the term architect landscapes are used by professional people who design landscapes. Frederick Law Olmsted used the term 'landscape architecture' as a profession for the first time when designing Central Park, New York City, USA. Here the combination of traditional landscaping and the emerging urban planning field gives the architecture a unique focusing focus. The use of this landscape architect's term became established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899.
Landscape and landing
The earliest landscape landscape
Perhaps the earliest landscape literature is found in Australian native myths (also known as Dreamtime or Dreaming, Aboriginal oral literary or songwriting), stories traditionally performed by Aboriginal people in each language group throughout Australia. All such myths in various ways tell the significant truths in every local Aboriginal landscape. They effectively coat the entire topography of the Australian continent with a deeper sense of culture and meaning, and empower the chosen audience with the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of the Australian Aboriginal ancestors back in time.
In Western pastoral poetry it represents the earliest form of literary landscape, though this literary genre presents the ideal landscape inhabited by pastors and shepherds, and creates "a picture of the existence of a peaceful, non-corrupt, sort of prelapse world." Pastoral has its origins in the works of the Greek poet, Theocritus (about 316 - about 260 BC). The Romantic period poet William Wordsworth created a modern and more realistic pastoral form with Michael, A Pastoral Poem (1800).
Early forms of landscape poetry, Shanshui poetry, developed in China during the third and fourth centuries A.D.
Topographic poet
Topographic poetry is a genre of poetry that describes, and often praises, landscapes or places. John Denham's 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which culminated in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of topographic verse dates, however, for the Classical Final period, and can be found throughout the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Although the earliest examples are mostly from continental Europe, topographical poetry in the Denhamese tradition relates to classical works, and many of the various types of topographic verses, such as rivers, destruction, or poetry on the hill tops were established in the early 17th century. century. Alexander Windsor "Windsor Forest" (1713) and John Dyer's "Grongar Hill" (1762) are two other well-known examples, George Crabbe, the Suffolk poet, also wrote topographic poems, as William Wordsworth did, in which the lines were written A few kilometers above Tintern Abbey is a real example. More recently, Matthew Arnold's "The Scholar Gipsy" (1853) praised the Oxfordshire countryside, and WH Auden "In Praise of Limestone" (1948) used a limestone landscape as an allegory.
Topographical poetry subgenres include country house poetry, written in 17th century England to praise a rich patron, and poetry prospects, portraying views from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with a sense of opportunity or hope. When widely understood as landscape poetry and when judged from its founding to date, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker, in his book "Introduction to the Poetry Poetry Literature Book of Faber , identifies 37 varieties and composes poems from the 16th to the 20th century - from Edmund Spenser to Sylvia Plath - correspondent for each type, from" Walks and Surveys, "to" Mountains, Mountains, and Landscapes from Above, "to" Abuse of Nature and Landscape, "to" Spirit and Ghost. "
The general aesthetic registers used by topographic poetry include the pastoral, noble, and beautiful images, which include images of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and water scenes.
Despite describing landscapes or landscapes, topographic poetry is often, at least implicitly, addressing political issues or the meaning of nationality in some way. Therefore the description of the landscape becomes a poetic vehicle for political messages. For example, in John Denham's "Cooper Hill", the speaker discusses the benefits of the recently executed Charles I.
Romantic Era in England
One important aspect of British Romanticism - evident in paintings and literature as well as in politics and philosophy - is a change in the way people perceive and appreciate the scenery. In particular, after William Gilpin Observations on the River Wye was published in 1770, the idea of ​​beauty began to affect artists and viewers. Gilpin advocated approaching the landscape "with beautiful beauty rules," emphasizing contrasts and variations. Edmund Burke's (1757) is also an influential text, such as Longinus' On the Sublime (early AD, Greek ), translated into English from French in 1739. From the 18th century, the noble flavor of the natural landscape appeared beside the noble idea in the language; namely rhetoric or elevated speech. A topographical poem influencing Romantics, is James Thomson's The Seasons (1726-30). The changing landscape, caused by the industrial and agricultural revolutions, with urban expansion and rural depopulation, is another influence on the growth of the Romantic movement in Britain. Poor working conditions, new class conflicts, and environmental pollution all lead to reactions to urbanism and industrialization and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of nature and landscape. However, it was also a rebellion against the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, also a reaction to the scientific rationalization of nature.
Poet William Wordsworth is a major contributor to literary literature, such as contemporary poet and novelist Walter Scott. Scott's influence was felt throughout Europe, as well as in the great Victorian novelists in England, such as Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy, and John Cowper Powys in the 20th century. Margaret Drabble at A Writer's Britain states that Thomas Hardy "is probably the greatest writer of rural life and landscape" in English.
Europe
Among the European writers who were influenced by Scott were the French HonorÃÆ'Â © de Balzac and Alexandre Dumas and Italian Alessandro Manzoni. The famous novel Manzoni The Betrothed was inspired by Walter Scott Ivanhoe .
North America
Also influenced by the Romantic approach to the landscape is American novelist Fenimore Cooper, admired by Victor Hugo and Balzac and characterized as "American Scott."
Asia
China
The landscape in Chinese poetry is often closely related to Chinese landscape paintings, which evolved much earlier than in the West. There are many poems that give rise to certain paintings, and some of them are written in the more empty areas of the scroll itself. Many painters also write poetry, especially in official scholarly or literary traditions. The landscape image is present at the beginning of Shijing and chuci , but in the next poem the emphasis changes, as in the painting]] to Shan shui (Chinese: ??? ; Simplified Chinese: ??? was developed in China during the third and fourth centuries AD and left most of the landscape varied from largely unrepresented Chinese. Shan shui paintings and poems show an imaginary sight, albeit with the distinctive features of some parts of Southern China; they remain popular to this day.
Fields and Gardens poetry (Simplified Chinese: ??? ; Traditional Chinese: ??? ; pinyin: < i> tiÃÆ'¡nyuÃÆ'¡n sh? ; Wade-Giles: t 'ien-yuan-shih ; literally: "fields and gardens of poetry"), in poetry) is a contrasting poetic movement that lasts for centuries, focusing on the properties found in the garden, in backyard, and in the cultivated countryside. Fields and Gardens Poetry is one of many genres of Classical Chinese poetry. One of the main practitioners of the Fields and Gardens poem genre is Tao Yuanming (also known as Tao Qian (365-427), among other names or versions of names). Tao Yuanming has been regarded as the first great poet to be associated with the genre of Fields and Gardens poetry.
Landscape Art
Landscape Photography
Many landscape photographs show little or no human activity and are created in pursuit, unlimited natural depictions without human influence, rather than presenting subjects such as very clear landforms, weather, and ambient light. Like most art forms, the definition of landscape photos is broad, and may include urban settings, industrial areas, and natural photography. Leading landscape photographers include Ansel Adams, Galen Rowell, Edward Weston, Ben Heine, Mark Gray and Fred Judge.
Scene painting
The earliest art form around the world depicts a bit that can really be called a landscape, though stripes and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscape" without a human figure is a wall painting of the Greek Minoan around 1500 BC. The hunting scenes, especially those set in the closed valley of the Nile Delta Reef bed of Ancient Egypt, can provide a strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on the shape of individual plants and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. For the coherent portrayal of the entire landscape, some rough systems of perspective, or scale for distance, are needed, and this seems from literary evidence for the first time developed in Ancient Greece in the Hellenistic period, although no large-scale examples survive. The older Roman landscape survives, from the 1st century BC onwards, especially paintings of scenic decoration spaces that have been preserved on the archaeological sites of Pompeii, Herculaneum and elsewhere, and mosaics.
The traditional Chinese ink tradition of shan shui ("water-mountain"), or "pure" landscape, in which the only sign of human life is usually a wise man, or a glimpse of his hut, using sophisticated landscape backgrounds to describe the subject, and landscape art this period retains its classical status and is much imitated in Chinese tradition.
The Roman and Chinese traditions typically show a great landscape of imaginary landscapes, generally supported by spectacular mountains - in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including oceans, lakes or rivers. This is often used to bridge the gap between foreground scenes with distant panoramic figures and vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists.
A big difference between landscape painting in the West and East Asia is that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted genre hierarchy, in East Asia the classic water-ink painting is traditionally the most prestigious form of prestigious art. However, in the West, historical painting came to require a broad landscape background where appropriate, so this theory did not fully work against the development of landscape painting - for several centuries the landscape was regularly promoted to the status of historical painting with the addition of small numbers to create narrative scenes, usually religious or mythological.
The 17th-century Golden Age painting sees the dramatic growth of landscape paintings, in which many artists specialize, and the development of very fine realist techniques to illustrate light and weather. The popularity of the landscape in the Netherlands is partly a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious paintings in Calvinistic society, and the decline of religious paintings in the 18th and 19th centuries across Europe combined with Romanticism to provide a much larger landscape and more prestigious place in the art of the century -19 than they had expected.
In the UK, the landscape was originally mostly a backdrop for portraits, usually showing parks or plantations from landowners, although most were painted in London by an artist who had never visited the site. The English tradition was founded by Anthony van Dyck and other artists, mostly Flemish, who work in England. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British artists with the highest modern reputation were mostly dedicated landscapes, showing various Romantic interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of John Constable, J.M.W. Turner and Samuel Palmer. But all of this has had difficulty establishing itself in the contemporary art market, which still prefers paintings and historical portraits.
In Europe, as John Ruskin said, and Sir Kenneth Clark asserted, landscape painting was the "nineteenth-century artistic creation" and "dominant art", with the result that in later periods people tended to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and landscape painting is the normal and eternal part of our spiritual activity "
The Romantic Movement intensified the interest that existed in landscape art, and the remote and wild landscape, which has been one of the recurring elements in landscape art before, has now become more prominent. Caspar David Friedrich Germany has a distinctive style, influenced by his Danish training. For this he added quasi-mystic Romanticism. The French painter was slower to develop landscape paintings, but from around 1830s Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and other painters at the Barbizon School formed the French landscape tradition that would be the most influential in Europe for a century, with the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists for the first time made landscape painting a major source of common style innovation in all kinds of paintings.
In the United States, the Hudson River School, which stands out in the mid to late 19th century, is probably the most famous original development in landscape art. These painters created gigantic works that sought to capture the epic sphere of the landscape that inspired them. The work of Thomas Cole, founder of a publicly-recognized school, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape painting - a kind of secular belief in the spiritual benefits that can be derived from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the Hudson River School artists, such as Albert Bierstadt, create less entertaining works that place greater emphasis (with many Romantic magnifiers) on the raw, even frightening nature of nature. The best example of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the Group of Seven, which was prominent in the 1920s. Emily Carr is also closely tied to the Group of Seven, although never an official member. Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many important artists still painted scenes in styles exemplified by Neil Welliver, Alex Katz, Milton Avery, Peter Doig, Andrew Wyeth, David Hockney and Sidney Nolan.
The term neo-romanticism is applied in the history of British art, to schools affiliated with landscape paintings that appeared around 1930 and continued into the early 1950s. These painters look back to 19th-century artists such as William Blake and Samuel Palmer, but also influenced by French cubist and post-cubist artists such as Pablo Picasso, Andrà ©  © Masson, and Pavel Tchelitchew (Clark and Clarke 2001; Hopkins 2001 ). This movement was motivated partly in response to the threat of invasion during World War II. The artists who are mainly associated with the initiation of this movement include Paul Nash, John Piper, Henry Moore, Ivon Hitchens, and especially Graham Sutherland. Younger generations include John Minton, Michael Ayrton, John Craxton, Keith Vaughan, Robert Colquhoun, and Robert MacBryde (Button 1996).
Gallery of landscape paintings of different periods
See also
References
External links
- Trustee podcast: "Landscape and literature"
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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