Off-road vehicles are considered to be any type of vehicle capable of driving above and beyond a paved or gravel surface. This is generally characterized by having a large tire with inner tread, open, flexible suspension, or even a caterpillar track. Other vehicles that do not travel on public roads or highways are generally called off-highway vehicles, including tractors, forklifts, winches, backhoe, bulldozers, and golf carts.
Off-road vehicles have enthusiastic followers because of their versatility and versatility. Some types of motor sports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three types of "4 wheel drive" competition are rally, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The three largest types of all-terrain vehicle (ATV)/motorcycle competitions are Motocross, Enduro, and also desert races like Dakar Rallye and Baja 1000. The most common use of these vehicles is for vision in areas far from the sidewalk. Higher permit use and higher traction vehicles allow access to forest roads and roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.
Video Off-road vehicle
History
One of the first modified off-road vehicles was the KÃÆ' Ã… © gresse track, a conversion made first by Adolphe KÃÆ' Ã… © gresse, who designed the original while working for Czar Nicholas II of Russia between 1906 and 1916. The system uses an unusual caterpillar track which have flexible belts and not metal parts that lock each other. These can be mounted to a conventional car or truck to convert them into half-tracks suitable for use on rough or soft soil.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, KÃÆ'Â © gresse returned to his home country, France, where the system was used on CitroÃÆ'n cars between 1921 and 1937 for off-road and military vehicles. The Citroën company sponsored several ground expeditions with their vehicles across North Africa and Central Asia.
Large wheeled vehicles designed from 1937 to 1939 under the direction of Thomas Poulter called Antarctic Snow Cruiser are intended to facilitate transportation in Antarctica. Despite having some innovative features, it generally fails to operate as expected under difficult conditions, and is eventually left in Antarctica.
After World War II, large surplus off-road vehicles such as Jeep and heavier trucks are available in the market. Jeep in particular is very popular with buyers who use it as a utility vehicle. This is also the start of off-road as a hobby. The wartime Jeep soon disappeared, and the Jeep company started producing civilian derivatives, followed by similar vehicles from Land Rover of England and Toyota Japan, Datsun/Nissan, Suzuki, and Mitsubishi. It's all the same: a small, compact, four-wheel-drive vehicle with at most small hardtop to protect the occupants of the elements.
From the 1960s onwards, more comfortable vehicles were produced. For several years they were popular with rural buyers because of their off-street capabilities and loading. Jeep Wagoneer United States and Ford Bronco, Range Rover from the UK, and Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota wagon, Nissan Patrol and Suzuki Lj series are basically just body station wagons on the framework of light trucks with four-wheeled drivetrains. Then, during the 1990s, manufacturers began adding more luxury to bringing off-road vehicles on par with regular cars. It eventually evolved into what we call SUVs today. It also evolved into a newer crossover vehicle, where utility and off-road capabilities were sacrificed for better and more luxurious road handling.
Maps Off-road vehicle
Technical
To be able to drive sidewalks, off-road vehicles require several characteristics: They need to have a low ground pressure, so as not to sink into soft soil, they need ground clearance to keep them from obstacles, and they need to keep their wheels or tracks on the ground in order not losing traction. Wheeled vehicles achieve this by having a great tire balance or a complementary addition combined with high suspension and flexibility. The tracked vehicle achieves this by having a wide track and flexible suspension on the road wheel.
Wheels versus track option is one of cost and suitability. Tracked drivetrain is more expensive to produce and maintain. The wheels drivetrains are cheaper and give higher top speeds. Tracked drivetrain has greater off-road capability.
Most off-road vehicles are equipped with low gearing. This allows the operator to utilize available engine power as it moves slowly through challenging terrain. An internal combustion engine paired with a normal gearbox often has an output speed that is too high. This vehicle often has one of two things, either a very low first gear ("granny") (like the All wheel drive version of the Volkswagen Transporter) or an additional gearbox that aligns with the first, called a reduction drive. Some vehicles, such as Bv206 on the image on the right, also have a torque converter to reduce gearing.
Many wheeled off-road vehicles provide power to all wheels to keep traction on slippery surfaces. For a typical four-wheel drive is known as a four-wheel drive. Vehicles designed to be used both on and off the road can be designed to shift between two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive so that the vehicle uses fewer wheels driven while on the road.
Off-road vehicle criticism
Security
SUVs are built with higher ground clearance for off-road use and thus have a higher center of gravity, thereby increasing the risk of rollover. When an SUV changes, the vehicle mass rejects the rotation and carries the load forward, allowing the traction of the tire to create a lateral centripetal force as the vehicle continues through the turn. The conflict between the weight of the SUV's desire to move straight while the tire friction on the road causes the bottom of the vehicle to move away and exit from the bottom of the vehicle during the turn.
SUVs are more likely to be in rollover accidents than passenger cars. According to a study conducted in the United States, SUVs have twice the car's death rate and nearly triple the mortality rate in a rollover accident. Vehicles in the United States, light trucks (including SUVs) represent 36 percent of all registered vehicles. They are involved in about half of the fatal two-vehicle crash with passenger cars, and 80 percent of these casualties are passenger cars.
Environment
In the United States, the number of ORV users since 1972 has increased sevenfold - from five million to 36 million in 2000. Government policies that protect wilderness but also allow the use of recreational ORV has become a matter of debate in the United States and others. countries.
All trace and off-trail activities have an impact on natural vegetation and wildlife, which can lead to erosion, invasive species, habitat loss, and ultimately loss of species that degrade the ability of ecosystems to maintain homeostasis. ORV's cause greater pressure on the environment than pedestrian traffic alone, and ORV operators trying to test their vehicles against natural barriers can do far greater damage than those who follow the legal path. The use of illegal off-road vehicles has been identified as a serious land management issue assessed by disposing of garbage and other forms of vandalism. Many user organizations, such as Tread Lightly! and Sierra Club, publish and encourage appropriate ethics of the trail.
ORVs are also criticized for generating more pollution in areas that typically do not have it. In addition to noise pollution that can cause hearing loss and stress in wildlife, according to the US Forest Service, the old two-stroke engine (no longer a component of new off-road vehicles, although some are still in use) "emits about 20 to 33 percent of fuel which is consumed through disposal "and" the exhaust from a two-step snowmobile engine can lead to indirect pollutant deposition to the top layer of snow and then to the associated surface and groundwater. "In 2002, the United States Environmental Protection Agency adopted emission standards for all vehicles the terrain "when fully implemented in 2012... is expected to prevent the release of more than two million tons of air pollution each year - the equivalent of removing pollution from more than 32 million cars each year."
- Erosion of off-road vehicles
Off-road public vehicles
Common off-road public vehicles include four-wheeled pickup trucks like the Ford F-Series, Chevrolet C/K, Dodge Ram, and Toyota Tacoma. A number of military vehicles have also seen civilian use, including Jeep CJ and AM General Hummer. Some, such as the early Land Rovers, were adapted for military use of civilian specifications. Off-road vehicles that are commonly available include ATVs (All Terrain Vehicles), dirt bikes, sand dunes, rock crawlers, and sandrails.
All-terrain vehicle
All-terrain vehicles (ATVs), also known as quads, quad bikes, tricycles, or four wheels, or RZRs are defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as vehicles traveling on low-pressure tires. , with seats being held by the operator, along with the handlebars for steering control. As the name suggests, it is designed to handle a wider range of terrain than most other vehicles. Although it is a street legal vehicle in some countries, it is not the legal avenue in most states and provinces of Australia, the United States or Canada.
Off-road motor
There are different types of off-road motorcycles, also known as dirt bikes, designed specifically for off-road events. Compared to on-road motorcycles, off-road engines are simpler and lighter, have long suspension trips, high ground clearance, and rugged construction with less bodywork and no fairings to reduce damage to the spill. The wheels (usually 21 "front, 18" rear) have a protruding tire, often clipped to the rim with a rim lock.
Unusual commercial, military, and off-road vehicles
Military and European utilities have used Defense Land Rover, Haflingers, Pinzgauers, Volvo L3314, and Mercedes-Benz Unimogs for all-terrain transportation. Portuguese Alter Umm is less common.
The military market for off-road vehicles was once great, but, since the fall of the Iron Curtain in the 1990s, it has dried up to some extent. The US Jeep, developed during World War II, created a word that many people use for all types of lightweight off-road vehicles. In the US, Jeep's successor from the 1980s was AM General HMMWV. Eastern Block uses GAZ-69 and UAZ-469 in the same role.
See also
- amphibious vehicles
- Park off-road
- Off roading
- Light Site!
- Ramp travel index
- Sport utility vehicle
- Game viewer vehicle
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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