Arabian or Arabian horse (Arabic: ?????? ?????? ? [? is? a: n? arabi:] , DMG ? i? n? arab? ) is a type of horse originating from the Arabian Peninsula. With its distinctive head shape and high tailed carriage, the Arabs are one of the most recognizable horse races in the world. It is also one of the oldest descendants, with archaeological evidence of horses in the Middle East resembling modern Arabs aged 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread throughout the world by war and commerce, used to enhance other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bones. Today, the Arabian lineage is found in almost every modern type of equestrian horse.
Arabs thrive in desert climates and are appreciated by nomadic Bedouin guys, often taken into family tents for shelter and protection from theft. Selective breeding for traits including the ability to form cooperative relationships with humans creates a kind of good horse, quickly learned, and willing to please. The Arabs also developed the high spirits and vigilance required in horses used to rob and fight. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires the owners of modern Arabian horses to handle their horses with competence and respect.
Arabs are versatile. The Arabs dominate the discipline of endurance driving, and compete today in many other equestrian sports. They are one of the ten most popular horse races in the world. They are now found throughout the world, including the United States and Canada, Britain, Australia, continental Europe, South America (mainly Brazil), and their native land, the Middle East.
Video Arabian horse
Karakteristik karakteristik
Arab horses have smooth, wedge-shaped heads, wide foreheads, large eyes, large nostrils, and small snouts. Most feature a typical concave profile, or "dished". Many Arabs also have a slight forehead protruding between their eyes, called the Bouquet by the Bedouin, which adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its original dry desert climate. Another characteristic is the neck with large and well-regulated throat in a clean, clean throat. This poll and throatlatch structure is called mitbah or mitbeh by Bedouins. In ideal Arabic it is long, allowing flexibility in restraints and space for the windpipe.
Another distinctive feature is the relatively long croup, or the top of the back, and the tall train is naturally tall. Standard USEF breeds require Arabs to have solid bones and the right equine equine standard. Well-bred Arabs have deep and clever hips and good shoulders. In breeds, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, stronger and more muscular backs that are suitable for intense activity bursts in events such as curbing, while others have longer, slenderer muscles more suited to long-term flat work such as endurance racing or horse racing. Most have a compact body with short backs. Arabs usually have solid, strong bones, and fine nails. They are especially notable for their endurance, and the superiority of the race in the Endurance endurance race shows that well-reared Arabs are powerful and healthy horses with superior stamina. At the FEI-sponsored international endurance event, Arabs and half-Arabs are the dominant players in long-distance rivalry.
Skeletal Analysis
Some Arabs, though not all, have 5 lumbar spine rather than 6, and 17 pairs of ribs are common than 18. A qualified Arab has a relatively horizontal croup and a pelvis with the right elbow and long and good croup depth against the pelvis (determined by the length of the pelvis), which allows agility and impulse. A confusing misconception of topline from a croup with a "hip" angle (pelvis or ilium), causes some to assert that Arabs have a flat pelvic angle and can not use the back properly. However, croup is formed by the sacral vertebrae. The angle of the hip is determined by the ilium attachment to the spine, the structure and length of the femur, and other hindquarter anatomical aspects, which are not correlated with the topline sacrum. Thus, the Arabs have a distinctive conformation of another horse race built for speed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred, in which the angle of the ilium is more oblique than croup. Thus, the angle of the hip may not necessarily correlate with the topline of the croup. The horses raised for galloping require good crown length and good hip length for proper muscle ties, and unlike angles, hip length and croup run together as a rule.
Size
Standard breeds expressed by the United States Equestrian Federation, depicting Arabs standing between 14.1 to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, "with occasional individuals above or below." Thus, all Arabs, regardless of height, are classified as "horses", although 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) are the traditional cutoff height between horses and ponies. The common myth is that the Arabs are not strong because they are relatively small and subtle. However, Arab horses are known for greater bone density than other breeds, short cannons, healthy legs, and wide and short backs, all of which provide physical strength comparable to many higher animals. Thus, even a smaller Arab can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where heavy horse loads, like agricultural work done by draft horses, any lighter horse are at a disadvantage. However, for most purposes, the Arabs are the strong and powerful horse breeds capable of carrying all kinds of riders in the most equestrian activity.
Temperament
For centuries, Arab horses lived in the desert in close relationships with humans. For protection and protection from theft, precious war horses are sometimes kept in the owners' tents, close to the children and daily family life. Only horses with good natural dispositions are allowed to reproduce, with the result that the Arabs today have a good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the few breeds where the US Equestrian Federation rules allow children to show horses in almost all of the class show rings, including those limited to riders under 18 years old.
On the other hand, Arabs are also classified as "hot-blooded" breeds, a category that includes other smooth-smelling horses raised for speed, such as Akhal-Teke, Barb, and Thoroughbred. Like other hot blood, the sensitivity and intelligence of the Arabs allows for quick learning and better communication with their riders; However, their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good, and they do not tolerate incompetent or abusive training practices. Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train "hot-blooded" horses. Although most Arabs have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated poorly, like horses, they can become very nervous or anxious, but rarely become malignant unless thoroughly pampered or subjected to extreme harassment. At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them attributes that are close to the divine.
Color
The Arabian Horse Association registered a race horse with coat colors of gray, gray, brown, black, and roan. Bay, gray and brown are the most common; black is less common. Classical gene roan does not seem to exist in Arabia; on the contrary, Arabs who are registered by breeders as "roan" usually express rabicano or, sometimes, a sabino pattern with roan features. All Arabs, regardless of their fur color, have black skin, except under a white mark. Blacks provide protection from the intense sun of the desert.
Gray and white
Although many Arabs appear to have "white" hair coats, they are not genetically "white". This color is usually created by the natural action of the gray genes, and almost all Arabs that look white are actually gray. A special coloration seen in some older gray Arabs is the so-called "bloody shoulder", which is a certain type of "gray" bitten by local pigment aggregation on the shoulder.
There are some Arabs listed as "whites" who have white coats, pink skin and dark eyes since birth. These animals are believed to reveal a new, white form of dominance, the result of a nonsense mutation in DNA tracing to a horse stung in 1996. This horse was originally regarded as sabino, but was actually found to have a new form of dominant white mutation, now labeled W3. It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabs in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing. Sabino
One pattern of spotting, sabino, is indeed in the pure Arab race. Sabino dye is characterized by white markings such as "high white" above the knees and hocks, irregular spots on the feet, abdomen and face, white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or edges wrinkled.
The genetic mechanisms that produce the sabino pattern in Arabia can not be determined, and more than one gene may be involved. Studies at the University of California, Davis show that Arabs do not appear to carry the autosomal dominant genes "SB1" or sabino 1 , which often results in thick spotting and some fully white horses in other races. The pattern of inheritance observed in sabinoan-like Arabs also does not follow the same inheritance model with sabino 1 .
Rabicano or roan?
There are very few Arabs listed as roan, and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, whimpering in pure Arab race is actually a genetic act of rabicano. Unlike the genetic roan, rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; horses do not have white and solid hair that mixes all over the body, only in the middle of the body and sides, the head and feet are solid. Some people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the mixed hair colors common to both. However, roan does not consistently lighten age, while gray does not.
Colors that are not in purebreds
The pure Arabs never carry the dilution genes. Therefore, pure race can not be a color like dun, cremello, palomino, or deer skin. However, there is pictorial evidence of pottery and tombs in Ancient Egypt which suggests that the pattern of spotting may have existed in ancient Arab-type ancestral horses. Nonetheless, the pure Arab race today does not carry the gene for the pattern of spotted spots or Leopard complexes ("Appaloosa"), except for sabino.
Spotting or white excess is believed by many breeders as a sign of impurity until DNA testing for hereditary verification becomes standard. For a time, horses with stomach spots and other white signs that are considered excessive are not recommended to register and white excess is sometimes punished in the show ring.
To produce horses with some Arabic characteristics but feather colors are not found in pure races, they must be crossed with other breeds. Although pure Arab race produces limited potential color ranges, they do not appear to carry any color-based disturbances such as overo ("O") gene frameworks that can produce deadly deadly syndromes (LWS). Because the pure Arab race can not produce LWS children, Arab horses are used as an unaffected population in several studies looking for genes that cause conditions in other breeds. Nonetheless, Arabic descendants of Arab descent may, in some cases, carry this gene if the non-Arab parent is the carrier.
Genetic disorders
There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two can not be avoided fatal, two are not inherently fatal but paralyzing and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated. Three are considered to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the defective gene is not related to sex and must come from both parents to the affected foal; others do not currently have sufficient research data to determine the proper inheritance mode. The Arabs are not the only kind of horse that has problems with inherited diseases; lethal or crippling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, including American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, miniature horses, and Belgium.
The Arab Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases. Organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information about this condition. Additional information is available from the Arab World Horse Association (WAHO).
Maps Arabian horse
Legends
Arabic horse is the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how Muhammad chose his foundations by testing their courage and faithfulness. Although there are several variants in the fairy tale, a common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herds of horses into a race toward an oasis for a much-needed water drink. Before the herds reached the water, Muhammad called the horse to return to him. Only five horses answered. Because they faithfully return to their master, though desperate with thirst, these horses become his favorite and are called Al Khamsa, meaning, five. These horses became the legendary founders of the five "strains" of Arabian horses. Although Al Khamsa is generally considered a fictional horse legend, some breeders today claim that modern Bedouin Arabs actually originate from these horses.
Another story claims that King Solomon was given a pure Arab blooded mare named Safanad ("the pure") by the Queen of Sheba. Different versions say that Solomon gave the stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib ("Rewards to Riders"), to the Banu Azd people when they came to honor the king. This legendary horse is said to be faster than zebra and antelope, and every hunt with him succeeds, so when he is stabbed, he becomes the founder of the legend.
Yet other creation myths place the origin of the Arabs during the time of Ishmael, son of Abraham. In this story, the Archangel Gabriel (also known as Gabriel) descended from Heaven and raised Ishmael with a "gust of wind" that spun towards him. The angel then commanded the sound of thunder to stop the scattering of dust and rain, and it made him a prancing and handsome creature - a horse - apparently swallowing the ground. Therefore, the Bedouins gave the title of "Wind Drummer" to the first Arabian horses.
Finally, a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the southern wind and exclaimed, "I created you, Oh Arab.. For your crest, I tied victory in battle." On your back I set abundant treasures and Treasures on your waist. one of Earth's Glory... I give you a flight without wings. "Another version of the story claiming God said to the South Wind:" I want to make a creature from you. Then from the condensed matter of the wind, he made a beast-colored (bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you a horse, I make you Arab and I give you the color of ant chocolate, I have hung the happiness of the crest that hangs between your eyes, you will become the Master of the other animals.The men will follow you wherever you go You will be good to fly like to chase, you will fly without wings, the wealth will be there on your back and fortune will come through your meditation. "
Origins
The Arabs are one of the oldest horses of horses that man has developed in the world. Progenitor, Oriental subtype or "Proto-Arabian" is believed to be a horse with oriental characteristics similar to modern Arabs. The horses with these features appear in stone paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula for 3500 years. In ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, the horses with smooth heads and tall tails carried are depicted in works of art, especially those from Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC.
Some Arab horse scholars have theorized that Arabs originated from a separate horse subspecies, known as equium caballus pumpelli. Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a famous Arab scholar, believe that the oriental horses "dry" in the desert, from which modern Arabs developed, are more likely to be Equus ferus caballus with certain landrace characteristics based on in the environment in which they live, rather than being separate subspecies. Horses with similar physical characteristics, though not identical, include the Marwari Indian horse, Barb from North Africa, Akhal-Teke from West Asia and the extinct Turkoman Horse. Recent genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA in Arabian horses from Polish and American breeding suggest that modern breeds have a heterogeneous origin with ten haplogroups. The modern concept of purity of breeds in the modern population can not be traced for more than 200 years.
Desert root
There are various theories about the origin of Arab ancestors. Most evidence suggests that proto-Arabs come from areas along the northern edge of the Crescent Crescent. Another hypothesis indicates the southwest corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern Yemen, where three dry river basins now show good natural meadows have been around for a long time, perhaps as far as the Ice Age. This hypothesis has gained new attention after the discovery of artifacts in 2010 between 6590 and 7250 BC in Al-Magar, southwest of Saudi Arabia, which looks to illustrate the horse.
Proto-Arabic horses may have been domesticated by people from the Arabian peninsula known today as Bedouin, sometime after they learned to use camels, some 4,000-5,000 years ago. One theory is that this development took place in the Najd plateau in central Arabia. Other scholars, noting that the horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rarely in the Arabian peninsula before the advent of Islam, theorized that the breeds as they are known today only grew in large numbers when the conversion of Persians to Islam in the 7th century. the century brought knowledge of the horse breeding and horseback riding to the Bedouins. The oldest depictions on the Arab Peninsula of the horse are clearly domesticated no earlier than 1800-2000 BC.
Regardless of origin, climate and culture eventually create Arabs. Desert environments require benign horses to work with humans to survive; humans are the only provider of food and water in certain areas, and even hard Arab horses require more water than camels to survive (most horses can live only 72 hours without water). Where there is no pasture or water, the Bedouins feed their horses and camel milk. The desert horse needs the ability to thrive with very little food, and has anatomical features to keep up with life in dry climates with extreme temperatures from day to night. Weak people are weeded out of nursery pools, and the remaining animals are also sharpened by centuries of human warfare.
The way of life of the Bedouin depends on camels and horses: Arabs are raised to be war horses with speed, endurance, health, and intelligence. Because many of the raids are needed quietly, horses are preferred over the stallion because they are quieter, and therefore will not give the position of the fighters. Good disposition is also important; precious war horses are often taken to family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators. Although the appearance is not necessarily a survival factor, Bedouins are raised for improvement and beauty on their horses as well as for more practical features.
Strain and pedigree
For centuries, the Bedouins traced the ancestors of every horse through oral tradition. The horse of the purest blood is known as Asil and the cross with the non-horse Asil is forbidden. Mares are the most valuable, both for riding and breeding, and family genealogy traced through the female line. The Bedouin do not believe in the skinned horses of horses, and consider the stallions too hard to be a good war horse, so they store very few horses, sell most, and annihilate those of poor quality.
Over time, Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains Arabian horses, each with unique characteristics, and traced through the mother line only. According to the Arabian Horse Association, the five main strains are known as Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban. Carl Raswan, a promoter and writer on Arabian horses from the mid-20th century, believes that there are only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan feels that this strain represents this type of "kind", with Nine being "masculine", Seglawi being "feminine" and Muniqi "fast". There are also lower strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names. Therefore, many Arabian horses are not only acyl, of pure blood, but are also cultured to be pure in tension, with crossed intercepted strains, although not banned, by some tribes. The purity of the bloodline is very important for Bedouin people, and they also believe in telegoni, believing that if a mare ever mated with a "dirty" horse of blood, the horse itself and all its offspring will be "contaminated" by the stallion and therefore no longer Asil.
These intricate bloodlines and lines are an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only know the genealogy and history of their best warfare in detail, but also carefully track their camel breeding, the Saluki dogs, and their own families or tribal history. Finally, written notes begin to be stored; the first written genealogy in the Middle East that specifically used the term "Arab" in 1330 AD. As important as the strain is to the Bedouins, modern studies of mitochondrial DNA show that Arab horses live today with a note proclaiming the offspring of a particular strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestor.
Historical development
Role in the ancient world
The fiery fiery horse with a face full of high-entrenched dishes and tails is a popular artistic subject in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, often portrayed as chariots or hunting. The horses with oriental features appeared in later artwork as far north as the Ancient Greeks and the Roman Empire. While this type of horse is not called "Arab" in the Ancient Near East until later, (the first Arabic word "Arabia" or "Arabaya" appears in writing in Ancient Persia, around 500 BC) this proto-Arabian shares many characteristics with modern Arabs, , endurance, and refinement. For example, the horse skeleton found on the Sinai peninsula, dated 1700 BC and possibly brought by the Hyksos invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the earliest horses in Egypt. This horse has a wedge-shaped head, large eye pits and a small muzzle, all the characteristics of an Arabian horse.
In Islamic history
After the Hijrah in 622 AD (sometimes spelled Hegira), Arabian horses spread throughout the known world then, and became recognized as a different kind and named. It plays an important role in Middle Eastern History and Islam. By 630, Muslim influence was widespread in the Middle East and North Africa, by 711 Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula in 720. Their war horse consisted of various oriental types, including Arabs and Barbian horses from North Africa.
Arabian horses also spread throughout the world through the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Although it never fully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire acquired many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war. The Ottomans encouraged the formation of private male ranches to ensure the supply of equestrian horses, and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure Arab horses, who grew up in the desert.
El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Sultan of Egypt (1290-1342) imported and raised many Arabs in Egypt. A record of the stud farms made from his purchases depicts many of his horses and abilities, and is stored in his library, a source for later studies. Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses are often sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.
Egypt
Historically, Egyptian farmers have imported horses raised in the Palestinian desert and Arabian peninsula as a source of their blood supply. By the time the Ottoman Empire had dominated Egypt, the political elite in the region still recognized the need for good quality blood for both wars and for horse races, and some kept returning to the desert to get pure Arabs. One of the most famous is Muhammad Ali of Egypt, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who founded an extensive stud farm in the 19th century. After his death, some of his shares were raised by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horse, often for interbreeding, and gave many others as diplomatic gifts. The remainder of the herd was acquired by Ali Shiah Sherif, who then returned to the desert to bring in new blood. At its peak, the Ali Pasha Sherif stud has over 400 pure Arab races. Unfortunately, the epidemic of African horse disease in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses across Egypt destroyed many of its flocks, wiping out some irreplaceable bloodlines. At the end of his life, he sold some horses to Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne is also able to collect many of the remaining horses in her Obeyd Sheykh stud.
Meanwhile, the spirit brought by Blunts to save pure horse from the desert helped Egyptian horse farmers to convince their government of the need to maintain the best of their own pure Arab blood left from horses collected during the previous century by Muhammad. Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif. The Egyptian government formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908, now known as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO). Representatives of the RAS traveled to Britain during the 1920s and bought eighteen offspring from the original Blunt exports of Lady Wentworth at Crabbet Park, and returned this bloodline to Egypt to recover the blood line has been lost. In addition to several horses purchased by Henry Babson to be imported into the United States in the 1930s, and one small group exported to the United States in 1947, relatively few Arab horses raised in Egypt were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952. Many of Prince Prince's private breeding bars were later confiscated and animals taken over by EAO. In the 1960s and 1970s, when oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of them were horse enthusiasts, Arabs were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the Soviet Union. Today, the term "Straight Egypt" or "Arabian Egypt" is popular with some Arab breeders, and modern Arabs who grew up in Egypt are an advantage used to add refinement in some breeding programs.
Arrival in Europe
Perhaps the earliest horses with Arabic lineages to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France. The others will arrive with the returning Crusaders - beginning in 1095, European troops invaded Palestine and many knights came home with Arab horses as booty. Later, when the warriors and war-wielding warriors became obsolete, the Arab horses and their descendants were used to develop the quicker and agile lighthorse horses used in warfare until the twentieth century.
Another major infusion of Arabian horses to Europe occurred when Ottoman Turks sent 300,000 horsemen to Hungary in 1522, many of whom were held to pure Arabs, who were captured during the Arab attacks. In 1529, the Ottomans reached Vienna, where they were stopped by Polish and Hungarian soldiers, who captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman cavalry. Some of these animals provide a bloodstock for East Europe's main buttons.
Polish and Russian breeding program
With the advent of a light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arab blood give a huge military advantage to every soldier who owns it. As a result, many European monarchs began supporting large breeding companies that crossed the Arabs on local stocks, one such example being Knyszyna, royal king of Poland king Zygmunt II August, and another Russian Imperial Officer Peter the Great.
European horse breeders also obtain Arab stock directly from the desert or through trade with Ottoman. In Russia, Count Alexey Orlov acquired many Arabs, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who was a landlord of the Orlov trotter. Orlov then gave Arabian horses to Catherine the Great, who in 1772 had 12 pure Arab horses and 10 mares. In 1889, two members of the Russian nobility, Prince Stroganov and Prince Nikolai Borisovich Shcherbatov, established Arabian stud farms to meet a sustained need to raise Arabs as a source of pure blood.
In Poland, important imports from Arabia include the property of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743-1812), who founded the Slawuta stud. Poland's first Polish-run Arabian garden, JanÃÆ'³w Podlaski, was founded by Alexander I's decree from Russia in 1817, and in 1850, a large Polish stud farm was established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married the family Sanguszko); later known as a farm that produces Skowronek horses.
Central and Western Europe
The 18th century marked the formation of most of the Arabic buttons in Europe, dedicated to preserving the "pure" Arab blood stock. The Prussians built a royal sac in 1732, which was originally intended to provide horses for the royal sanctuary, and other buttons were set up to breed animals for other purposes, including mounts for the Prussian army. The basis of this breeding program is the crossing of Arabs with real horses; in 1873 some observers of English felt that Prussian calluses were superior in their endurance to the British, and cited the Arabian lineage for this advantage.
Other state studs include the Babolna Stud of Hungary, founded in 1789, and Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the Marbach stud), founded in 1817 by King William I of WÃÆ'¼rttemberg. King James I of England imported the first Arabian horse, Arab Markham, to England in 1616. The Arabs were also introduced to European race horses, mainly in England through Darley Arab, Byerly Turk, and Arabian Godolphin, three stallions of breed modern Thoroughbred, each brought to England during the 18th century. Other kings acquired Arab horses, often as private mounts. One of the most famous Arabian horses in Europe is Marengo, a horse of war driven by Napoleon Bonaparte.
During the mid-19th century, the need for Arab blood to increase breeding stock for light riding horses in Europe resulted in more visits to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert to buy Arabian horses and in 1847 had founded a book of studs; His successor, King Alfonso XII imported extra blood from other European countries. In 1893, state military stud ranch, Yeguada Militar was founded in CÃÆ'³rdoba, Spain to breed Arab and Iberian horses. The military remained heavily involved in Arab imports and breeding in Spain until the early 20th century, and Militar Yeguada still exists today.
This period also marks an ample travel phase to the Middle East by European civilians and small nobles, and in the process, some tourists notice that Arab horses as pure horse races are under threat because of modern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that reduce population of horses of the Bedouin tribe quickly. At the end of the nineteenth century, the most forward-looking began to earnestly collect the best Arabian horses they could find to preserve pure desert horse blood for future generations. The most famous examples are Lady Anne Blunt, daughter of Ada Lovelace and grandson of Lord Byron.
The Rise of Crabbet Park Stud
Perhaps the most famous of all Arab breeding operations founded in Europe is the Crabbet Park Stud of England, founded in 1878. Beginning in 1877, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt traveled repeatedly to the Middle East, including visits to Ali Pasha Sherif in Egypt and the Bedouin tribe in Najd, brought the best Arabs they could find to England. Lady Anne also buys and maintains the Sheykh Obeyd stud farm in Egypt, near Cairo. After the death of Lady Anne in 1917, Blunts, Judith's daughter, Lady Wentworth, inherited the title of Wentworth and Lady Anne's possessions, and acquired the rest of Crabbet Stud after a protracted legal battle with her father. Lady Wentworth extends the stud, adds a new bloodstock, and exports Arabian horses around the world. After his death in 1957, the males passed to his manager, Cecil Covey, who was managing Crabbet until 1971, when a highway cut property, forcing the sale of land and the spread of horses. Along with Crabbet, Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also produces important horses around the world.
Early 20th century Europe
At the beginning of the 20th century, the military was involved in the glorification of Arabian horses across Europe, especially in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; Private breeders are also developing a number of breeding programs. Significant among private ranchers in continental Europe is the CristÃÆ'³bal ColÃÆ'³n de Aguilera of Spain, XV Duque de Veragua, the direct descendant of Christopher Columbus, who founded Veragua Stud in the 1920s.
Modern warfare and its impact on European buttons
Between World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many of the missing European stud farms; in Poland, Studs Antoniny and Slawuta removed except for five horses. Notable among the survivors was JanÃÆ'³w Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War I, destroyed most breeding programs in Russia, but in 1921, the Soviet government rebuilt the Arab program, the Tersk Stud, on the site of former Stroganov land, which included a Polish bloodstock as well as some imports from Crabbet Stud in England. War's survival programs established their breeding operations and some added to their buttons with new imports of Arabian horses cultivated from the Middle East. Not all European buttons are recovering. Weil stud of Germany, founded by King Wilhelm I, decreased significantly; by the time Weil's flock was transferred to the State Marbach Man in 1932, only 17 Arab races remained.
The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had an adverse effect on the cultivation of horses across Europe. Veragua officials were destroyed, and his record was lost, with the only survivor being the mother and younger horse, who was rescued by Francisco Franco. Crabbet Park, Tersk, and JanÃÆ'³w Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arab bloodlines as booty, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their captive stock at Tersk Stud, and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to rebuild their breeding program shortly after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arab horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the US Army Remount Pomona station, former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California.
In the postwar era, Poland, Spain, and Germany developed or rebuilt many respected Arabian stud gardens. Polish buttons are especially destroyed by Nazis and Soviets, but are able to reclaim some of their nursery stock and become very famous in the world because of the quality of their Arabian horses, rigorously tested by racing and other performance standards. During the 1950s, Russia also acquired additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.
After the Cold War
While only a few Arabs were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, those who came to the west caught the eye of the breeders all over the world. The increasing international relations between Eastern Europe and the West led to the major imports of Polish and Russian Arab horses who grew up in Western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the European Union increased international trade of Arabian horses. Organizations such as the World Arab Horse Association (WAHO) create consistent standards for transferring registration of Arabian horses between different countries. Today, Arabian horses are traded around the world.
In America
The first horse on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with Spanish Conquers. HernÃÆ'¡n CortÃÆ' Â © s brought 16 horses from Andalusia, Barb, and Arab descent to Mexico in 1519. Others followed, such as Francisco VÃÆ'¡squez de Coronado, which brought 250 similar breeding horses to America in 1540. More horses followed by every new arrival from Conquistador, missionaries, and settlers. Many horses who fled or stolen, became the foundation stock of the American Mustang.
Initial import
The British colonists also brought Arabian breeding horses to the east coast. One example is Nathaniel Harrison, who imported Arabian horses, Barb and Turkish descent to America in 1747.
One of George Washington's main rides during the American Revolutionary War was the gray half-gray horse named Blueskin, ruled by the "Ranger" horse, also known as "Lindsay's Arabian", was said to have been obtained from the Moroccan Sultan. Other President is concerned with the possession of Arabian horses; In 1840, President Martin Van Buren received two Arabs from the Sultan of Oman, and in 1877, President Ulysses S. Grant earned an Arab horse, Leopard, and Barb, Linden Tree, as a gift from Abdul Hamid II, "Sultan of Turkey. "
A. Keene Richard is the first American person known to be particularly fond of Arab horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to acquire a nursery stock, which he crossed in the Thoroughbreds, and also breed pure Arabs. Unfortunately, his horses disappeared during the Civil War and had no descendants of the Arab race known today. Another US political figure, William H. Seward bought four Arabs in Beirut in 1859, before becoming Secretary of State for Abraham Lincoln.
Leopard was the only horse imported before 1888 that left a famous purebred breed in America. In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported an Arabian horse cultivated by the desert * Naomi, and raised him into Leopard, which produced the only Arab son of Apostle Leopard, Anazeh, who became the father of eight Arabian fathers, four of whom still appear in the genealogy of today.
Development of pure breeding in America
In 1908, the Arab American Horse Register was established, recording 71 animals, and by 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabs registered in North America than in other parts of the world put together.
The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the Hamidie Society sponsored the Arabian horses exhibition of what today is Syria at the World Fair in Chicago. This exhibition aroused great interest in Arabian horses. Records are not clear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition, but seven were killed in the fire immediately after arrival. The remaining 28 horses at the end of the show remained in America and were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society went bankrupt. These horses captured the interest of American breeders, including Peter Bradley from Hingham Stock Farm, who bought several Hamidie horses at auction, and Homer Davenport, another admirer of Hamidie imports.
Major Arab imports to the United States include Davenport and Bradley, who worked together to buy some horses and mares directly from Bedouin in 1906. Spencer Borden from Interlachen Stud made several imports between 1898 and 1911; and W.R. Brown from Maynesboro Stud, interested in Arabs as a cavalry mountain, imported many Arabs for several years, beginning in 1918. Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, Henry Babson, Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arab bloodstocks from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain, and Egypt. Arab breeding is fostered by the US Army Service, which stands on a regular stallion in public at a reduced rate.
Some Arabs, mostly from Polish breeding, were captured from Nazi Germany and imported into the US after World War II. In 1957, two deaths in Britain led to more sales to the United States: first from Crabbet Stud about Lady Wentworth's death, and then from Hanstead with the death of Gladys Yule. As the tension of the Cold War subsided, more Arabs were imported into the United States from Poland and Egypt, and in the late 1970s, when political issues surrounding import regulations and the confession of the stud books were completed, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia..
Modern trends
In the 1980s, the Arabs became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine arts. Some individuals also use horses as tax shelters. Prices soared, especially in the United States, at a public auction price that set a record for horses named NH Love Potion, which sold for $ 2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndicate in history for the Arabian stallion Padron, for $ 11,000. 000. The profit potential causes excessive breeding of Arabs. When the 1986 Tax Reform Act closes the investment gap of "passive investment", limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters, the Arab market is particularly vulnerable because it is too saturated and prices artificially inflated, and that collapses, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many Arabs race to slaughter. Prices recover slowly, with many farmers moving away from producing "the art of living" and headed for horses that are more suitable for amateur owners and many horse disciplines. In 2003, a survey found that 67% of Arab race horses in America are owned for recreational recreation purposes. By 2013, there are more than 660,000 Arabs registered in the United States, and the United States has the largest number of Arabs from any country in the world.
In Australia
Initial import
Arab horses were introduced to Australia in the early days of the European Settlement. Early imports included both pure Arab races and Spanish "jennet" from Andalusia, many Arabs also came from India. Based on records depicting "Arab and Persian blood" horses, the first Arabian horses might be imported into Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802. Around 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported Gulf Arabian horses, Hector, from India; Hector is said to be owned by Arthur Wellesley, who came to be known as the Duke of Wellington. In 1804, two additional Arabs, also from India, arrived in Tasmania, one of them, White William, became the first Arab-born father of a breed named Derwent.
Throughout the 19th century, more and more Arabs came to Australia, although most were used to produce crossbreeding horses and leave no recorded purebred breeds. The first significant imports recorded permanently with the descendants still emerging in the purebred modern Arab genealogy are from James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported several Arabs from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England. Pure Arabs are used to raise the racehorses and some of them become very famous as such; about 100 Arab men are included in Australian Student's Book (for Thoroughbred racing horse). The military was also involved in the promotion of horse breeding, especially around World War I. They are part of the foundations of several breeds considered unique to Australia, including Australia's Pony, Waler, and Australian Stock Horse.
In the 20th and 21st centuries
At the beginning of the 20th century, more Arab horses, mostly from the Crabbet lineage, arrived in Australia. The first Arabs from Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and the Egyptian line was first imported in 1970. Arab horses from all over the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, in addition to the United States.
Modern Breeding
Arab horses are currently found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strains, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famous horses in certain pedigree. Popular Arabic types are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet", "Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported into the United States before 1944, including those originating from such programs as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson, Dickenson and Selby). In the US, the specific blending of the Crabbet lineage, Maynesboro, and Kellogg has earned the title "CMK."
Each set of bloodlines has its own followers, with each virtue moot. Most debates occur among those who value most Arabs for their beautiful beauty and those who value horses for their stamina and athleticism; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in breeding the preservation of various lineages. There is controversy about the relative "purity" of certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic "purity" of genealogies, discusses whether some horses descend from "unspoiled" animals that can not be traced to the Bedouin desert. The main factions are as follows:
- The Arab Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of race Arab horses is the Arabian desert, and all Arabs eventually trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are considered "racial" Arabs by the AHA.
- The World Arab Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a pure Arab race. WAHO states, "A purebred Arabian horse is one that appears in any Arabic Book of Records or a List registered by WAHO is acceptable." By this definition, more than 95% of the world's known racial horses are listed in the stud books acceptable to WAHO. WAHO also examines the question of purity in general, and its findings are on its website, describing both research and political issues surrounding the Arabian horse lineage, especially in America.
- At the other end of the spectrum, the organization that focuses on the most carefully documented bloodlines to desert sources has the most rigorous definition. For example, The Asil Club in Europe accepts only "horses that are exclusively based on Bedouin breeding on the Arabian peninsula, without crossing with non-Arab horses at any time." Likewise, the Al Khamsa organization took the position that the "Horse... the so-called" Al Khamsa Arabian Horses, "are the horses in North America that can be assumed to be completely descended from the bedouin Arab horses who were raised by the horse breeding desert tribes on the Peninsula Arabs without a mixture of sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa. "The most strict of all are the horses identified as" direct Egyptian "by the Pyramid Society, which must track across all lines into the desert as well as owned horses or raised by Egypt's special breeding program. By this definition, straight Egyptian Egypt constitutes only 2% of all Arab horses in America.
- Ironically, some Arabs in the desert who grew up in Syria have great difficulty being accepted as racially Arabs who can be registered because many Bedouin people who own them do not need to get a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, Syria eventually developed a stud book for their animals which was received by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.
Influence on other horse races
Due to the genetic power of Arabian horses cultivated by deserts, the Arabic lineage has played a role in the development of almost every modern horse breed, including Thoroughbred, Orlov Trotter, Morgan, American Saddlebred, American Quarter Horse, and Warmblood breed as Trakehner. The Arab bloodline also influences the development of Welsh Pony, Australian Stock Horse, Percheron horse, Appaloosa, and Colorado Ranger Horse.
Today, people cross Arabs with other descendants to add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the United States, Half-Arab has its own list in the Arab Horse Association, which includes a special section for Anglo-Arab (Arab-Crusader Cross). Some crosses originally listed only as half Arabs became quite popular to have their own breeding registry, including the National Show Horse (an Arabic-Saddlebred cross), Quarab (Arabian-Quarter Horse), Welara Pintabian (Arabian-Welsh Pony), and Morab (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabs and Half Arabs have been approved for breeding by some Warmblood registrars, notably the Trakehner registry.
There is a heated debate about the role that Arabs play in the development of other light horse breeds. Before DNA-based research was developed, one hypothesis, based on body type and conformation, suggested light, "dry", oriental horses adapted to desert climates had been developed prior to domestication; DNA studies of several horse breeds now show that while pets appear from some mare lines, very little variability in the Y chromosome is intercultural. Following the domestication of horses, due to the location of the Middle East as an intersection of the ancient world, and relatively close to the location of early domestication, oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed the "oriental" blood of another kind to create a horse; the only real question is at what point the "oriental" prototype can be called "Arab", how much Arab blood is mixed with local animals, and at which point in history.
For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabic influence of certain animals is documented in written notebooks. For older offspring, dating the entry of Arab ancestors is more difficult. For example, while the outside culture, and the horses they carry, influenced the predecessors of the Iberian horses in Ancient Rome and again with the Islamic invasion of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace the exact details of the journey. taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they travel from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Studies of mitochondrial DNA on modern Andalusian horses on the Iberian peninsula and Barb stallions in North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds cross the Strait of Gibraltar and influence each other. Although this study does not compare Andalusia and Barb mtDNA with Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabs, whether before or after these breeds are called "Arabs", are part of this genetic mixture. Arabs and Barbs, though probably related to each other, are very different in appearance, and horses of the Arab and Barb type are in Muslim armies occupying Europe. There is also historical documentation that the Islamic conquerors raised Arab horses in Spain before the Reconquista; Spain also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to increase existing Spanish stocks and revive a declining horse population.
Usage
Arabs are versatile horses that compete in many riding areas, including horse races, horses showing the discipline of a saddle seat, western pleasures, and hunting seats, as well as clothing, cutting, reining, endurance riding, showing jumps, events, teenage events such as equitation , and others. They are used as a horse-riding pleasure, horseback riding, and raising ranch horses for those who are not interested in the competition.
Competition
The Arabs are dominating the endurance sport because of their stamina. They are the foremost descendants of a competition such as the Tevis Cup that can travel up to 100 miles (160 km) a day, and they participate in FEI-sanctions resilience activities around the world, including World Equestrian Games.
There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half Arab and Anglo-Arabian horses, approved by USEF along with the Arab Horse Association. Classes on offer include western pleasures, reins, hunters and saddle enjoyment in the UK, and dumbbells, plus the highly popular "Native" costume class. The event of "sports horses" for Arabian horses has become popular in North America, especially after the Arab Horse Association started holding the Arabian National Championship and the separate Half Arabian Sport Horse in 2003 which in 2004 grew to attract 2,000 entries. The competition attracts Arab and partial Arab horses that appear in hunters, jumpers, sport horses under the saddle, sports horse in hand, dressage, and combined driving competition.
Other countries also sponsored major events strictly for the indigenous Arabs and descendants, including Great Britain France, Spain, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates.
Pure Arabs have excelled in open events against other races. One of the most notable examples in the field of western equestrian competitions is the Arabian mare Ronteza, who defeated 50 horses from all the offspring to win the Reined 1961 Hedgehog Championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California. The other Arab competition against all races is the horse Aaraf who won the horse competition that breeded in the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s. In a jumping competition and exhibiting hunter rivalry, a number of Arabs have successfully competed against other breeds in open competition, including pure Russian rafts, who have won many jumping classes against horses from all open-circuit breeds, and in the event, pure Arab race competed in the Brazil team at the 2004 Athens Olympics.
Some Arabs also appear in open horse sports events and even Olympic-level competitions. The Anglo-Arabian Linon was driven to the Olympic silver medal for France at Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as the gold team in 1932, and Anglo-Arabian Frenchman Harpagon was driven to the individual gold and silver team in dress at the 1948 Olympics. The 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola, won a Gold Medal in a league race at Ali Baba Anglo-Arab. Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, driven by William Fox-Pitt, representing Britain in FEI and Olympic competitions, won many awards, including first place at the Badminton Horse Exam 2004. Recently a welder named Theodore O'Connor, nicknamed " Teddy ", 14.1 (or 14.2, varied sources) ponies from Thoroughbred, Arabic, and Shetland pony breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and finished in the top six in the Rolex Kentucky Three Day 2007 CCI competition and 2008.
Other activities
The Arabs are involved in a variety of activities, including exhibitions, films, parades, circuses, and other places where horses are on display. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian Horse Jision in 1926 Son of the Sheik , and has been seen in many other films, including The Black Stallion featuring the Cass Ole horse, The Black Black Stallion , which used more than 40 Arabs during the filming, and Hidalgo and the 1959 version Ben- Hur .
The Arabs are the mascots for the football team, doing fun activities on the field and on the sidelines. One of the horses that serve as the "Traveler", the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans, has become a pure Arab race. "Thunder," the stage name for Arabian horses, J B Kobask, was the mascot for the Denver Broncos from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabs of Winter Solstyce took over as "Thunder II". Cal Poly Pomona W.K. The Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made the Arabian horses into ordinary sights at the annual Roses Parade Tournament held every New Year in Pasadena, California.
Arabs are also used in search and rescue teams and sometimes for police work. Some Arabs are used in polo in US and Europe, in Turkish Cirit sport ( pronounced [d? I '? It] ), as well as in the circus, t
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments