The Bedouin ( ; Arabic: ??????? ? badaw? ) is a group of nomadic Arabs who have historically inhabited the desert areas of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Levant. The English word
The Bedouins were referred to by various names throughout history, including the Qedites in the Old Testament and the Arabaa by the Assyrians ( ar-ba-aa , the name still in use for the Bedouin today). They are referred to as ? A? R? B ( ????? ) in the Quran.
While many Bedouins have abandoned their nomadic and tribal traditions for modern urban lifestyles, many retain traditional Bedouin cultures such as maintaining traditional clan structures, traditional music, poetry, and dance (such as saas ), and many other cultural practices and concepts. The urban Bedouin people often hold cultural festivals, usually held several times a year, where they gather with other Bedouins to participate and learn about the Bedouin traditions - from traditional poetry poetry reading and dancing to playing the tools of the swordsman, traditional musical instruments and even classes that teach traditional tent-wearing. Traditions such as camel riding and camping in the desert are still a popular recreational activity for urban Bedouin residents living near the desert or other wilderness areas.
Video Bedouin
Etimologi
The term "Bedouin" comes from a single form of the Arabic word badu ( ??? ), which literally means " Inhabitants of Badiyah "in Arabic. The word b? Diyah ( ??????? ) means visible soil, in the sense of "plain" or "desert". The term "Bedouin" means "those in Diyah " or "people in the desert". However, in English use, the "Bedouin" form is usually used for single terms, the plural is "Bedouins", as indicated by the Oxford English Dictionary , second edition.
The term "Bedouin" also uses the same basic word as the Arabic noun for "beginning"; " ????? "; "Bedaya." Most Arabs believe that the Bedouin is a precursor to the settled Arabs, including the Arab Nabatae from the more western Levant region. According to a hadith, Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab said of the Bedouins, "[T] hei is the origin of Arabs and the substance of Islam." and the word for ethnicity itself may be influenced by it.
Maps Bedouin
Society
A widely quoted Bedouins Apamegma is "I am against my brother, my brother and I against my cousin, my cousin and I against strangers" sometimes quoted as "I and my brother oppose my cousin, me and my cousins ​​opposed strangers. " This proverb signifies a hierarchy of loyalty based on male kinship closeness, beginning with the nuclear family through the lineage and then the father's tribe, and, in principle at least, to the whole genetic or linguistic group (which is assumed to be similar to the kinship in the Middle East and North Africa generally). Disputes are resolved, interests are pursued, and justice and order are shared and maintained in this framework, organized in accordance with the ethics of self-help and collective responsibility (Andersen 14). Individual family units (known as tents or "gio" bayt ) usually consist of three or four adults (married couples plus siblings or parents) and some children.
When resources are abundant, some tents will travel together as goum . While these groups are sometimes linked by patriarchal lineages, others may be linked by marriage alliances (new wives especially tend to have close male relatives joining them). Sometimes, the association is based on acquaintance and intimacy, or even no clear relationship except simple membership in one tribe.
The next interaction scale in the group is ibn? Amm (cousin, or literally "uncle's son") or hereditary group, usually three to five generations. This is often linked to goum, but where the goats are generally composed of people of the same breed, the hereditary group is often divided into several economic activities, allowing for 'risk management' levels; If one group of hereditary members suffers economically, other members of the descendants will be able to support them. While the phrase "descendants" shows pure lineage-based settings, in reality these groups are fluid and adjust their pedigree to take on new members.
The largest scale of tribal interactions is the whole tribe, led by a Sheikh (Arabic: ??? ? ? ay? , literally, "old man"), although the title refers to leaders in various contexts. These tribes often claim the offspring of one common ancestor - as mentioned above. The tribal level is the mediated level between the Bedouins and the government and outside organizations. The different structures of the Bedouin community lead to long-term competition between different clans.
Bedouins traditionally have a strong code of honor, and traditional dispensation systems of justice within Bedouin societies typically revolve around such codes. The bisha'a, or temptation by fire, is a famous Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Code of honor of the Bedouin rescue system, Bedouins. Urban homes are less likely to continue such a tradition, rather than choosing the codes of conduct that govern the wider settled community in which they belong.
Tradition
Herding
Farms and shepherds, especially of goats and camel camels, consist of traditional Bedouin livelihoods. Both animals are used for meat, dairy products, and wool. Most of the staple foods that make up the Bedouin diet are dairy products.
Camels, in particular, have many cultural and functional uses. Having been regarded as a "gift from God", they are the main food source and transportation method for many Bedouins. In addition to the extraordinary potential of flushing under the harsh desert conditions, their meat is sometimes consumed by the Bedouins. As a cultural tradition, camel races are held during celebrations, such as weddings or religious festivals.
Oral poetry
Oral poetry is the most popular art form among the Bedouins. Having a poet in a tribe is highly valued in society. In addition to functioning as an art form, poetry is used as a means of information delivery and social control.
Rob or ghazzu
The traditional customs of the Bedouins are well impregnated from robbing other tribes, caravans, or settlements known in Arabic as ghazzu .
History
Initial history
Historically, the Bedouins were involved in nomadic pastures, farming and sometimes fishing. The main sources of income are caravan hire, and tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earn an income by transporting goods and people in a caravan in the desert. Water scarcity and permanent pastoral land require them to move constantly.
The Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported that in 1326 on his way to Gaza, Egyptian authorities had a duty post at Qatya on the north coast of Sinai. Here the Bedouin is used to guard the road and track those who try to cross the border without permission.
Early Medieval grammars and scholars seeking to develop a contemporary Arabic Classic standardization system for maximum understanding throughout the Arabian realm, believing that Bedouins speak in the purest and most conservative language. To overcome the irregularities of pronunciation, Bedouin people are asked to recite certain poems, after a consensus is relied upon to decide on the pronunciation and spelling of a particular word.
Ottoman Period
The seizure and carnage of Hajj caravans by the Bedouins occurred in 1757, led by Qa'dan al-Fa'iz from the tribe of Bani Saqr. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims died in the attack or died of starvation or thirst as a result. Although Bedouin raids in the Hajj caravan were quite common, the 1757 attacks represented the peak of the attack.
Under Tanzim's reforms in 1858 the recently enacted Ottoman Land Law, which offered the legal basis for Bedouin movement. As the Ottoman Empire gradually lost power, the law instituted an unprecedented process of land registration which was also intended to increase the imperial tax base. Some Bedouins chose to register their lands with the Ottoman Tapu, due to the lack of enforcement by the Ottomans, illiteracy, refusal to pay taxes and the lack of relevance of written documentation of ownership to the Bedouins way of life at that time.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Sultan Abdullahlhamid II inhabited the Muslim population (Circassians) of the Balkans and the Caucasus among the majority-populated territories by nomads in modern Syrian, Lebanese, Jordanian and Palestinian areas, and also created several settlements Bedouins are permanent, although most of them are not fixed.
The Ottoman authorities also initiated private acquisitions of large lands of state land offered by the sultan to the absent landowners. Many tenants were brought in to cultivate the newly acquired land. Often come at the expense of Bedouin lands.
At the end of the nineteenth century, many Bedouins began a transition to a semi-nomadic lifestyle. One of the factors was the influence of the Ottoman imperial rulers who initiated the forcible prohibition against the Bedouin who lived in his territory. The Ottoman authorities view the Bedouin as a threat to state control and work hard to enforce law and order in the Negev. During World War I, the Negev Bedouins fought against the Turks against the British, but later, under the help of T. E. Lawrence, the Bedouins moved sides and fought against the Turks. Hamad Pasha al-Sufi (died 1923), Sheikh of the Nijmat sub-tribe of the Tarabin, led a force of 1,500 men who joined the Turkish attack against the Suez Canal.
In orientalist historiography, Bedouin Bedouins have been described as largely unaffected by changes in the outside world to this day. Their society is often regarded as a "world without time." Scholars have recently challenged the idea of ​​Bedouin as 'fossil,' or 'stagnant' as a reflection of an unchanging desert culture. Emanuel Marx has pointed out that the Bedouins are engaged in a constantly dynamic interdependence with urban centers. Bedouin scholar Michael Meeker explained that "the city can be found in their midst."
In the 20th century
In the 1950s and 1960s, a large number of Bedouin people throughout Central Asia were beginning to abandon traditional nomadic life to settle in Central Asian cities, mainly because the heat span has shrunk and the population has grown. For example, in Syria, the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, forcing many Bedouins to leave grazing for a standard job. Similarly, government policies in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Tunisia, the Arab oil producing countries of Persia and Libya, as well as the desire to raise living standards, effectively led most Bedouins to become citizens living in various countries, rather than stateless nomadic shepherds.
Government policies that suppress Bedouin people in some cases have been undertaken in an effort to provide services (schools, health care, law enforcement and so on - see Chatty 1986 for examples), but on others based on the desire to seize land traditionally. moved and controlled by the Bedouins. In recent years, some Bedouins have adopted a hobby of raising and breeding white pigeons, while others have rejuvenated the traditional practice of falconry.
In many countries
Arabian Peninsula
Saudi Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula is the home of the Bedouins. From here they began to spread to the surrounding desert, forced out due to lack of water and food. According to tradition, the Saudi Bedouins were descended from two groups. One group, the Yemenis, settled in southwest Arabia, in the Yemeni mountains, and claimed they descended from the legendary half-ancestor, Qahtan (or Joktan). The second group, Qaysis, settled in North-Central Arabia and claimed they were descended from Ishmael the Bible.
A number of additional Bedouin tribes live in Saudi Arabia. Among them are Enazah, Bani Tameem, (Juhani) Jihnan) Shammar, al-Murrah, Qara, Mahra, Harasses, Dawasir, Harb, Ghamid, Mutayr, Subaie, 'Utayba, Bani khalid, Qahtan, Rashaida, Ansar and Yam. In Arabia and the adjacent desert there are about 100 major tribes of 1,000 members or more. Some tribes number up to 20,000 and some larger tribes may have up to 100,000 members.
Inside Saudi Arabia the Bedouin remained a majority of the population during the first half of the 20th century. However, since lifestyle changes, their numbers have dropped dramatically.
Levant
Syria
Although the Arabian desert is a homeland of the Bedouins, some groups have migrated northward. It was one of the first land inhabited by the Bedouin outside the Arabian desert. Today there are over a million Bedouins living in Syria, making a living for sheep and goats. The largest Bedouin clan in Syria is called Ruwallah which is part of the 'Anizzah' tribe. Another famous branch of the Anizzahs are two distinct groups of Hasana and S'baa, most of which come from the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.
Shepherding among the Bedouins was common until the late 1950s, when it effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961. Due to the dry season, many Bedouins were forced to stop herding for standard work. Another factor was the formal cancellation of the Bedouin's legal status in Syrian law in 1958, along with the efforts of the ruling Ba'ath regime to abolish the tribe. Preference for customary law ('urf) is different from state law (qanun) has been informally acknowledged and tolerated by the state to avoid its authority being tested in tribal areas. In 1982 the al-Assad family turned to the Bedouin tribal leaders for assistance during the Muslim Brotherhood's uprising against al-Assad's government (see Pest Massacre 1982). Sheikh Badui's decision to support Hafez al-Assad led to a change of attitude on the part of the government that allowed the Bedouin leadership to manage and change the critical state development efforts that supported their own status, customs and leadership.
As a result of the Syrian Civil War, some Bedouins became refugees and found shelter in Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon and other countries.
Israel
Before the 1948 Israeli Declaration, around 65,000-90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev desert. According to the Encyclopedia Judaica , 15,000 Bedouins live in the Negev after 1948; Other sources say the number is as low as 11,000. Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel. All Bedouins who lived in Israel were given Israeli citizenship in 1954.
Bedouins living in the Negev belong to the Tiaha confederation and some smaller groups such as' Azazme and Jahalin. After 1948, several Bedouin Negevs fled. The Jahalin tribe, for example, lived in the Tel Arad region of the Negev before the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin included tribes which, according to Emmanuel Marks, were "transferred or displaced by the military government". They ended up in the area of ​​E1 called East Jerusalem.
About 1,600 Bedouins serve as volunteers in the Israeli Defense Forces, many as trackers in the IDF elite tracking unit.
Famous, the Bedouin shepherd was the first to discover the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the Qumran Jewish caves in 1946. Of the great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were discovered over the next decade. , many were found by the Bedouins.
Successive Israeli governments are trying to destroy Bedouin villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal municipalities in the northeast of the Negev, with Tel As-Sabi or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, Rahat city, has a population of over 58,700 (as per December 2013); because it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another famous city of seven of which was built by the Israeli government, is Hura. According to the Land Administration of Israel (2007), about 60 per cent of Bedouin Negevs live in urban areas. The rest live in unknown villages, which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. They are built in chaos without considering the local infrastructure. These communities are scattered throughout the North Negev and are often located in inappropriate places, such as military fire zones, nature reserves, landfills, etc.
On September 29, 2003, the Israeli government adapted the new "Abu Basma Plan" (Resolution 881), which he said formed a new regional council, uniting a number of unknown Bedouin settlements - the Regional Council of Abu Basma. The resolution also considers the need to build seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev, which literally means official recognition of unrecognized settlements, grants them municipal status and consequently with all basic services and infrastructure. The Council was formed by the Ministry of Home Affairs on January 28, 2004.
Israel is currently building or enlarging 13 cities and towns in the Negev. According to general planning, everything will be equipped with relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, post offices, etc. And they will also have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to combat unemployment are planned, some already under construction, such as Idan haNegev on the outskirts of Rahat. It will have a new hospital and campus in it. The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are provided with child cash benefits, which have contributed to high birth rates among Bedouins (5% growth per year). But the unemployment rate is still very high, and few get high school degree (4%), and even fewer graduates from university (0.6%).
In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year economic development plan called Prawer's plan. One implication is the relocation of about 30,000-40,000 Bedouins Negou from areas not recognized by the government to cities approved by the government. In the 2012 resolution, the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of Prawer's plans and respect for the rights of Bedouins. In September 2014, Yair Shamir, who heads the Israeli government ministerial committee on the regulation of the Baduy resettlement, stated that the government is examining ways to reduce the birth rate of Bedouins in order to raise the standard of living. Shamir claims that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.
Jordan
Most Bedouin tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to Jordan today between the 14th and 18th centuries. Today the Bedouin tribe consists of 33% to 40% of the Jordanian population. Often they are referred to as the backbone of the Kingdom, because the Bedouins traditionally support the monarchy.
Most Bedouins in Jordan live in the vast desert that stretches east from the Desert Road. The Eastern Bedouin tribe is a rancher and shepherd of the camel, while the Western Bedouin herds sheep and goats. Some Bedouins in Jordan are semi-nomadic, they adopt nomadic life for a portion of the year but return to their homes and homes in time to practice farming.
Jordan's largest nomadic group is Ban? (Ban? Laith; they live in Petra), the children? Akhr and Ban? al-? uway ?? t (they live in Wadi Rum.There are many smaller groups, such as al-Sir? n, Ban? Kh? cap, Hawazim, A? iyyah, and Sharaf? t The Ruw? lah (Rwala) which is not native, passes Jordan on his annual journey from Syria to Saudi Arabia.
The Jordanian government provides Bedouins with services such as education, housing and health clinics. However, some Bedouins surrender and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle.
In the last few years there was a growing dissatisfaction from the Bedouin with the ruling king, but the king managed to overcome it. In August 2007, police clashed with about 200 Bedouins who blocked a major highway between Amman and the port of Aqaba. Cattle herders, they protest the lack of government support in the face of rising animal feed costs, and expressed resentment about government aid to refugees.
The Arab Spring events of 2011 led to a demonstration in Jordan, and the Bedouins took part in it. But it is unlikely that the Hashemiah wishes for an uprising similar to the upheaval in other Arab countries. The main reason for that is the high respect to the king, and the conflicting interests of various Jordanian community groups. King Abdullah II retained his distance from the complaint by letting the mistakes fall on the government ministers, whom he replaced at will.
North Africa
Maghreb
In the 11th century, ruling over Ifriqiya, Zirids somehow recognized the sovereignty of Cairo's caliphate. Perhaps in 1048, the ruler or young king Zirid, al-Mu'izz, decided to stop this sovereignty. Fatimid was then helpless to lead the expedition.
In the 11th century, Bedouins of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, from Syria and North Arabia, lived in the desert between the Nile and the Red Sea, moving west to the Maghreb region and joining the Third Bedouin tribe of Maqil , which is rooted in South Arabia. Cairo viceroy chooses to release the Maghreb and obtain its sovereign consent. They leave with women, children, camping equipment, some stops on the street, especially in Cyrenaica, where they are still one of the key elements of the settlement, but most come to the Ifriqiya by the Gabes region; The Berber army was defeated in an attempt to protect the Kairouan walls.
Zirid left Kairouan to take shelter at the beach where they lasted for a century. Ifriqiya, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym are scattered in the highlands of Constantine where they gradually strangle Qal'a from the Banu Hammad, as they had done to Kairouan a few decades ago. From there, they gradually climbed into the upper Algerian and Oran plains, some taken to the valley of Moulouya and on the plains of Doukkala by the Khalifah of Marrakesh in the second half of the 12th century.
In the 13th century, they lived on all Maghreb plains with the exception of the main mountains and some coastal areas that served as a refuge for indigenous peoples. They handed over their old camel breeders to take care of the sheep and oxen.
Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim historian wrote: "Similar to the locusts, they destroyed everything in their path."
The Bedouin dialect is used in the Maghrebi area on the Atlantic Coast of Morocco, in the Plateau and Sahara region of Algeria, in the Sahel region of Tunisia and in the area of ​​Tripolitania. The Bedouin dialect has four main varieties:
- Sulaym dialects, Libya and southern Tunisia;
- Eastern dialects of Hilal, central Tunisia and eastern Algeria;
- Middle Hilal dialect, southern and central Algeria, particularly in the Sahara border area;
- Maqil dialect, West Algerian and Morocco;
In Morocco, Bedouin dialects are spoken on plains and in newly established cities such as Casablanca. Thus, the dialect shares with the Bedouin dialect gal 'to say' (qala); they also represent most of the modern Urban dialect (KoinÃÆ'Â © s), such as Oran and Algiers.
Egypt
Bedouin tribes in Egypt mostly live on the Sinai peninsula and on the outskirts of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The last few decades have been difficult for traditional Bedouin culture due to environmental changes and the establishment of new resort towns on the shore of the Red Sea, such as Sharm el-Sheikh. Bedouins in Egypt face a number of challenges: the erosion of traditional values, unemployment, and soil problems. With new urbanization and educational opportunities, Bedouins began to marry outside their tribe, a practice that once was very inappropriate.
Bedouin tribes living on the Sinai peninsula do not benefit much from early construction work because of the low wages on offer. Sudanese and Egyptian workers are brought here as construction workers. As the tourism industry begins to bloom, local Bedouin residents are increasingly moving into new service positions such as taxi drivers, tour guides, campsites or cafe managers. However, the competition is very high, and many Sinai Bedouin residents are unemployed. Due to insufficient job opportunities, Bedouin Tarabins and other Bedouins living along the border between Egypt and Israel are involved in smuggling of inter-border drugs and weapons, as well as the infiltration of prostitutes and African unskilled workers.
In most countries in the Middle East, Bedouins have no rights to land, only user rights, and that is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, Bedouins with desirable coastal properties have lost control of most of their land as sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators. The Egyptian government did not see the land as belonging to the Bedouin tribes, but as state property.
In the summer of 1999, the last land cancellation occurred when troops flooded the Bedouin-run tourist resort north of Nuweiba as part of the final phase of hotel construction in the sector, overseen by the Tourist Development Agency (TDA). The Director of the Tourism Development Agency dismissed the Bedouin right for most of the land, saying that they did not stay on the beach before 1982. Their traditional semi-nomadic culture has made the Bedouins vulnerable to such claims.
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 brought more freedom to Sinai Bedouin, but because it was heavily involved in smuggling weapons into Gaza after a series of terror attacks on the Egyptian-Israeli border, the new Egyptian government has started military operations in Sinai in the summer of 2012. Egypt has destroyed more than 120 underground tunnels leading from Egypt to Gaza used as a smuggling channel and benefiting the Bedouin family on the Egyptian side, as well as the Palestinian clan on the other side of the border. Thus the army has conveyed a threatening message to the local Bedouins, forcing them to cooperate with the troops and state officials. After negotiations, the military campaign ended with a new agreement between the Bedouin and the Egyptian ruler.
Tribes and population
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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