Off-roading is the activity of driving or driving a vehicle on uneven roads or tracks, made of materials such as sand, gravel, riverbeds, mud, snow, rocks, and other natural terrains. Types of off-roading coverage in intensity, from recreational drives to unmodified vehicles to competition with special vehicles and professional drivers. Off-roaders have been criticized for environmental damage caused by their vehicles. There is also widespread debate about the role of government in organizing sports, including the Supreme Court case filed against the Land Management Bureau.
Video Off-roading
Off-road vehicle
Traveling on off-road terrain requires vehicles capable of accommodating off-road driving as ATV. This vehicle accommodates off road conditions with extended ground clearance, off-road tires and drive-train. Some manufacturers offer special vehicles intended for off-road use.
Maps Off-roading
Off-roading recreation
Some examples of off-road recreation include the following:
Dune bashing
Dune bashing is an off-roading form on the dunes.
A large sports utility vehicle like the Toyota Land Cruiser is an example of a used vehicle (however, light vehicles are often better in the very soft sand found in dunes). Sand-driven vehicles can be equipped with rolling cages in case of congestion; Similar to auto racing, experience and skills are needed to maneuver the car and prevent accidents. Before entering the desert in an SUV or pickup that is used daily, it is important to reduce tire pressure. This is done to get more traction by increasing the tire footprint and, therefore, reducing the vehicle ground pressure on the sand as there is a larger surface area (such as a person wearing snowshoes can run on a soft surface without sinking, but someone without them can not). For example, a tire with a recommended pressure of 35 psi will be reduced to about 12-14 psi.
The general modification is the installation of the beadlock rim, which allows the tire pressure to be lowered further, without the risk of tires and rims. Upon entering the desert, it is common to meet a pack of vehicles and a group leader before proceeding. The group leader then leads the pack through the stunts in one file. The main reason for this technique is to prevent the vehicle losing its trail of direction and getting lost.
Off-road racing
Desert Racing
The high-speed race in the open desert includes chasing and racing in rough desert terrain with lots of pots and bumps at maximum speed. Most drivers use RWD and 4WD trucks with long travel suspension, wide front position and large tires (usually 33 "- 39") which allow for optimal stability at high speeds. This type of truck is often called Prerunner.
Rock Racing
Rock Racing is very similar to rocks crawling on the fact that vehicles are pushed over rocks, the difference being that there is no punishment for hitting cones, backward or winching as it was done in rock crawling. The rock racing also involves a high-speed racing level that is not visible at regular rock crawling.
Cross country
Unlike bashing stationary mounds that tend to revolve around one star mound or one obstacle, cross-country off-road is an activity that lasts several days on a route with desert or other terrain. Routes in Africa generally have constraints in most of the uninhabited and unmapped areas. This circuit route is more than 50 km and is usually about 300 km long
Raid
This is the kind of trip that is done with 4x4 that mostly runs on top of the track and contains some off-road bits. Traditionally this trip passes through a relatively uninhabited area. Popular are the deserts in Tunisia, Morocco, and other North African countries, continents that travel through Africa, travel through Mongolia or North Scandinavia. Typical modifications to vehicles for this kind of trip are the addition of additional fuel tanks, roof rack tents, and elaborate storage systems behind for food, water/beverages, spare parts, equipment and other cargo. Due to the extra weight, the suspension is often reinforced with a stronger spring, shock absorbers, etc...
Green laning
Green laning (or two-tracking) is a spare pursuit, generally suitable for four-wheel-drive vehicles, even those without modification or additional equipment. The green line refers to the fact that these routes are predominantly along unspecified paths, paths of forest, or older highways that may not be used. In the UK they are usually roads that are not maintained in any way and will often include fords.
Mudding
Mudding is off-roading through areas of wet mud or clay. The goal is to drive as far as possible without getting stuck. There are many types of tires that are recommended for this activity. Some tires are balloon tires, mud tires and rowing tires. This activity is very popular in the United States, although it is illegal on public land due to environmental impact.
Rock crawl
Rock crawling is an off-road category. Vehicles used to crawl stones are usually modified with different tires, suspension components that allow greater axis articulation, and changes in differential gear ratios to obtain characteristics suitable for low speed operation to cross the obstacles. It is common for rock crawlers to have "scouts", who are walking assistants on foot to give drivers information about things the driver does not see.
Competitive trial
All progress is made at low speed and the emphasis is on skill, rather than resolving first though trials can be very competitive. There are three traditional forms of off-road trailing.
RTV test
RTV (Road Taxed Vehicle) trialing is the most common form of trial. As the name implies, it's for a legal-road vehicle (and thus is obliged to pay vehicle customs). This does not include vehicles that are heavily modified or built specifically. The RTV class vehicles can carry a wide range of suspension modifications, as well as off-road tires (provided they are legal-road), winch recovery, lift air intakes etc. Vehicles on RTV trials are usually described as "modified from the standard" - they use standard chassis, drive-train and body built with vehicles. While modifications may not be required for RTV trials, at least the vehicle will be expected to have some protection under the body such as a sump shield, differential shield and solid sills. The RTV course is meant to be non-destructive and driven with little more than a walk and a well laid out course will be impassable without damage. However, the terrain usually includes steep slopes, water, slopes, deep holes and other obstacles that could potentially damage the vehicle if mistakes are made or poor driving techniques are used, and vehicle modifications increase chances of success.
RTV trials are usually conducted on farms, excavations or in special off-road driving centers, and are usually hosted by special pilot agencies (such as the All Wheel Drive Club or The Association of Land Rover clubs in the UK), or by club owners. The course consists of 10 to 12 "gates" that are marked by two garden sticks, which are placed vertically. The gate is wide enough to get a standard vehicle. One vehicle tries the course at a time, and is considered to have cleared the gate if at least one of the front wheel hubs passes between the sticks. The vehicle ends up when it stops (depending on the exact skill level of the intended experiment, any termination may end the attempt, or a few seconds may be allowed). Long wheelbase vehicles are usually allowed to do a three-point turn if required, by giving the driver declaring where the turn will be made before they try the course (this puts a strong emphasis on the ability of ground reading). It can also be called a "shunt" in which the driver should try the gate and then shout shout. they are then spaced one and a half long cars to reverse and coat the car better to enter through the gate
The path between the gates is the "part": between the start line and the first gate is "Part 1", the part between the first and second gates is "Part 2" and so on. RTV courses are often laid out in such a way that each section is progressively more difficult, although this is not always true. If the driver fails to complete Part 1, they are given 10 points. If the effort ends in Section 2, 9 points are given, etc. A clear round result only earns 1 point. Today's event will consist of many different courses and the rider with the lowest score is the winner.
Because the terrain covered by RTV trials should be within the capabilities of any reasonably capable vehicle (even in standard form), this trial places an emphasis on driver skill and ground reading ability. A good driver in a standard specification vehicle can easily win a modified and well-equipped vehicle driven by a less competent driver.
CCV testing
Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trials are the next step of RTV and open trials for non-legal-road vehicles, which greatly increases the scope for modification. Closed fields will be more difficult than those found in RTV trials, and will typically require a wiser speed of use to get vehicles across certain obstacles, increasing the risk of vehicle damage. Although no trial is intended to be a mistake that damages vehicles and accidents is unavoidable. Vehicles with standard specifications will not be expected to complete the CCV course.
This event runs along the same line as RTV, with a course consisting of a gate marked with sugarcane. The rules are similar to RTV trials.
CCV trialing is very different from the RTV test on the used vehicle. Because "anything goes", the CCV trials depend on having the right vehicle for a much greater degree than in an RTV trial. Competitors can design and build vehicles that are far more optimal for off-road use than at lower levels of testing. The CCV vehicle has a strong engine, high ground clearance, light, minimalist bodywork and a good approach and departure angle. Over the years, in the UK, the ultimate CCV vehicle can be built by taking the Range Rover chassis, removing the body, choping the chassis up to an 80-inch wheelbase and mating it with the Land Rover Series I body, maintaining the Range Rover V8 engine and the suspension of springs in the light , easy to maneuver the body. In recent years, the value of Land Rover and the initial Range Rover has increased so far is no longer practical. CCV triallers now usually base their vehicles around a Land Rover 90s or a standard 100-inch chassis from the Range Rover or the Series I Discovery. Suzuki SJ series vehicles also make a good base for CCV-spec vehicles. Some vehicles are specially made, taking the form of a light "buggy" with tractor tires and "violin" brakes for the best performance.
Vehicles are required to meet certain safety regulations. The cages must be installed and built to the appropriate standard, the restoration point should be mounted front and rear and the fuel tank must meet certain standards. A 4-point harness for all passengers is required and recommended using fire extinguishers.
Blow & amp; winch challenge
Competitive forms of trial with courses arranged with control points or gates and vehicles must collect punches (holes in punch cards) or cross the gate as much as possible. These challenges often include a small number of special stages.
Basically, a winch challenge vehicle will be a CCV-spec engine with a recovery winch mounted in front. However, different types of vehicles adapted for Winch Challenges have evolved. The small, open-top CCV vehicle is not suitable for carrying the equipment often needed for winch recovery in difficult terrain. A larger vehicle with some form of protection from the desired elements (short range Land Rover defender, especially in the guise of "Hard Top", is a typical and common base for a Winch Challenge vehicle).
Other forms
There are other forms of testing, usually based on one of the above types but with little difference. It's often used as a more "fun" event in club vehicles, not as part of a formal championship. Examples include:
- Challenge Blow Card. Usually based around RTV trial courses. Instead of a series of gates around a fixed course, a number of single sticks are placed around a site. Each cane is numbered and a hole is fastened to a stick. Each vehicle has a card with a box number marked on it. This card is tied to the outside of the vehicle (usually from the wing mirror). The goal is to get the vehicle close enough to the stick so that the punch hole can be used to mark the appropriate box on the card. The punch usually uses a pin pattern to prevent a single blow used to cheat by punching a number of boxes on the card. Unlike the test track, the vehicle does not have to pass through the gate, it just has to approach the stick and leave the stick. It tests the driver's skills and readings in the field, because the clearest way to approach a stick is often not easy. For example, with a rod located at the bottom of a steep slope, it can be seen that the flat plain at the base of the slope is too soft or muddy to drive. The only way for sugar cane is to drive across the slope, stop (when the vehicle is tilted), hit the card and continue. The winner is the driver who has collected the most blows.
- Tyro test. The name is derived from the Latin word "tyro" which means "new recruits". The "Tyro" trick is intended as an introduction to sports for newcomers or children and is the most basic level of trials. It takes the form of a course with a gate, but the course is carefully arranged so it requires a definite skill to drive, but it carries no risk of damage to the vehicle or injury to the driver. Modified vehicles are not allowed. Some tyro experiments even prohibit the installation of various types of tires for vehicles leaving the showroom.
Winch Events
Winch events often involve attempting to access unlikely areas without using a winch - this may include crossing deep trenches, steep slopes and so on. Most off-road vehicles that have been prepared for this type of event will usually have two cranes, one in front and one behind the vehicle, each with an attraction of over 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg).
Off-roading event
In some countries, off-road activity is strictly regulated, while others promote cross-country off-road endurance activities such as the Dakar Rally, Spanish Steel, Africa Eco Race, Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge, Russia's Northern Steel Forest, San Felipe 250 and Steel 500 & amp; 1000, and which is a test of navigation skills and engine endurance. off road parks and motocross tracks also host a number of events and may be the only legitimate off-road spot in the area. Events include jamborees, rock crawl competitions, Mud Bog races, Top Truck Challenges and sand racing as well as many other events, such as Tank Trap.
This is an ultra4 off road racing series popular with races like the King of the Hammers. The Ultra4 cars combine desert racing and rocks crawling in one car.
Russia is very busy outside the 5-7 classes starting every year. Also every club has its own show, in the off-road club Tambov? Hernozem has four traditional races and the most popular off-road race in Russia is the Ladoga race at Karelia.
Off-roading organization
Organizations and associations participate in political pursuits that support favorable regulations for off-road supporters. Some organizations, such as Blue Ribbon Coalition and Lightly Tread!, Are only formed for off-roading related lobbying.
Modified vehicles
While production vehicles with off-road capabilities can travel on unstratic streets, modifications are required to travel in terrain that exceed the ability of the original configuration. Here are some modifications made to off-road vehicles.
Vehicle elevator
Lifting the vehicle is when the vehicle is raised to increase the amount of distance between the ground and the lower body or the vehicle frame. The elevator will also help with tire cleaning when it passes a big hurdle with just one or 2 wheels and allows the differential vehicle to flex without having to scrub the fender. There are several methods to lift the vehicle. Several methods can be combined together to fit the needs.
Lift up the body
This is a method that can only be used in body-on-frame designs found in some pickup trucks and some SUVs. The lifting of the body is done by a spacer placed between the normal mounting point of the chassis and the vehicle body. This is usually between 1 to 4 inches (25 to 100 mm). When the body lift is mounted on the vehicle, it is very common for relationships and other components of the vehicle to require the falling brackets to function properly after the elevator. Lifting the body allows the installation of tires that are too large.
Suspension suspension
Suspension elevators are modifications to vehicle suspension systems that include elongation of coil springs or curved leaf springs to make it taller. Doing this will make the vehicle taller and make the approach, departure, and angle of the breakover better for off-road. Increasing the distance between the axles and the vehicle body drastically often requires replacement of other parts in the suspension system to make it work properly again.
Foster block (Budget lift)
The appointment block (often referred to as budget lift) is a modification similar to the body lift in how it works, but is used in different locations. The block lifts are used to provide more space between the body and the vehicle axle for larger tires. A lift block consists of either an extended spring insulator or a block inserted between a vehicle's axle and spring, or a spring and a vehicle body. This type of elevator is often preferred because of its affordability and ease of installation.
Shackle lift
The shackles lifts are designed to lift the vehicle to provide more space for tire mounting. This type of lift is done by removing the shackles of the stock provided by the vehicle and replacing it with a longer one. Extend the shackles move one half of the leaf springs farther from the frame that results in a higher suspension. It is usually every two inches that the extended shackles provide an inch of vehicle lift.
Big tires
Increasing tire size improves soil cleaning of all vehicle parts including suspended components, such as axles. It may be necessary to make modifications to the vehicle's suspension or body depending on the size of the tire to be installed and the special vehicle.
Lifting of the shaft (permission)
Portal axle, axle type with axle center wheel allows increased land acquisition in differential cases without a corresponding increase in overall vehicle height or center of gravity.
Traction
Off-roading is always associated with driving off the sidewalk, so it's important to maintain proper traction in all road conditions such as mud, dirt, rock, sand, ice or snow. It is recommended to use appropriate tires on each type of field to obtain the most effective traction. Continuous paths are often used in extreme road conditions when ordinary wheels can not provide enough traction to move forward. Traces can be used on sand, ice and snow.
Differential
Most of the vehicles used for off-road come from factories with open differentials. This type of differential is common in many vehicles and although it is fine for paved roads, it is often removed and replaced with alternatives. If the vehicle is equipped with an open differential and one of the front tires and one of the rear tires is detached from the ground, they just rotate powerlessly in the air, and you will not be able to move at all.
Some of the traction control devices used are:
- Lock differential
- Unlimited slippage differential
- Four wheel drive
- Automatic lockdown difference
- Manual differential lock
Ban
Tires are often fixed on off-road vehicles to cross rough terrain better. Ordinary automotive tires do not provide enough traction to help vehicles through sand, dirt, snow and ice, so special tires are usually used on 4x4 off-road vehicles. Large overall wheel diameters provide better ride comfort and road cleaning. Wide tires help to distribute the load on the sand, while narrower tires help to get better traction in snow or ice. Each type of tire has its own type of tread to provide the right grip under certain road conditions. Common off-road tires are: Sand tires, muddy tires, snow tires, and all-terrain tires.
Drive hazard danger
When lifting a vehicle to get ground clearance is helpful for off-roaders, it can also make the vehicle dangerous because, when the vehicle has been lifted, its center of gravity increases, causing the vehicle to become more likely to fall in certain situations.. Other hazards include loss of visibility of smaller objects and higher bumpers compared to other vehicles on the road. In the United States, high-law bumpers and frames are effective in most states to ensure that vehicles on the road are not too much higher than the average car.
Vehicle protection
The danger with off-road is damage to the vehicle from crashing into rocks or other hard surfaces in very uneven terrain. A common solution is to install slip plates (sometimes also called bash plates), ie thick metal plates that protect vulnerable parts (such as transfers/gear boxes or engine oil). Some manufacturers install slippers as standard equipment on some of their vehicles. For many others this additional protection is available as an accessory after the market. The skid plate may be a simple flat plate, but it can also be formed (by stamping or by welding some parts) to protect objects as differential. Fuel tank skid plates are common factory options. In addition to slip plates, many off-roaders install a differential cover that will not bend or break if they are crushed on rocks or other large objects. Since the axles on off-road vehicles are usually the lowest hanging parts of the vehicle making them vulnerable to damage.
Perhaps the most common improvements for off-road use are the guard grille or bull, which can be added with or without an improved bumper. This metal frame is usually extended to protect the grille, and potentially the headlamps as well. One of the common types used in off-road pickups and SUVs is the "predecessor" style, with prominent and protruding fronts designed to sweep away plants from the midline of the vehicle, and to steer the vehicle from less mobile obstacles. Grille protection systems can be mounted bit by bit, or one-piece winch-mounted bumpers with prerunner bars and grille guards can be installed. Bumper designed for off-road use are usually added eye or D-rings to aid in vehicle recovery.
Another common off-roading accessory, "rock rails" or "rock slider", is a heavy metal rail or tube that runs alongside a rocker panel and serves to protect the sides of vehicles exposed to extremely rough terrain, or where there is a risk that the bottom of the vehicle between the wheels may be in contact with the rock beneath. This strategy can be extended to all vehicles, in this case referred to as "external enclosures" or "eksocage". The external enclosure helps protect the entire body of the vehicle in case of rollover or sliding into obstacles.
Criticism of using ORV
Environmental impact
The use of off-road vehicles on public lands has been criticized by several members of the US government and environmental organizations including Sierra Club and The Wilderness Society. They have noted some consequences of illegal use of ORV such as pollution, road damage, erosion, land degradation, possible species extinction, and habitat destruction that can leave a trail of impassable climbing. Proponents of ORV argue that legal use undertaken under planned access along with environmental conservation efforts and traces by ORV groups will reduce this problem. Groups such as the Treadlightly Blueribbon Coalition Coalition, which is a responsible public land use used for off-road activities.
According to the U.S. Forest Service. the use of an old-fashioned two-stroke engine, previously used for off-road vehicles, also caused concerns about pollution. This is because "the two-step engine takes about 20 to 33 percent of the fuel consumed through the exhaust" (since the engine lubricant is the "total loss system" and emitted by the design) and "the disposal of a two-step snowmobile engine can lead to indirect pollutant deposition to the top layer of snow and then to the associated surface and groundwater ".
Noise pollution is also a concern and several studies conducted by Montana State University, California State University, the University of Florida and others have mentioned possible changes in negative behavior in wildlife as a result of some use of ORV.
Some US states have laws to reduce the noise generated by off-road and non-highway vehicles. Washington is one example: "The state law requires off-road vehicles and other non-road vehicles to use certain noise-reducing devices (RCW 46.09.120 (1) (e) maximum limits and test procedures.) states and local governments may adopt regulations governing the operation of non-road vehicles on properties, roads or highways within their jurisdiction, provided they are not less stringent than state law (RCW 46,09,180 regulations by local political subdivisions). "
Mojave desert controversy
The US Land Management Bureau (BLM) oversees several areas of large off-road vehicles in the Mojave Desert of California.
In 2009, US District Judge Susan Illston decided against the proposed BLM appointment of additional off road usage on an open route designated on public land. According to BLM's decision violated its own rules when it set about 5,000 miles off-road vehicle route in 2006. According to Judge Ilston, the appointment of BLM is "flawed because it contains no reasonable alternative range" to limit the damage. sensitive habitats, as required by the National Environmental Policy Act. Illston found that the bureau did not adequately analyze the impact of its route on the air quality, soil, plant communities, and sensitive species such as the critically endangered Mojave lizard, pointing out that the United States Congress has declared that the California Desert and its resources are "extremely fragile, easy wounded, and slowly healed ".
The court also found that BLM failed to follow the route restrictions set out in the agency's own conservation plan, resulting in the formation of hundreds of illegal OHV routes over the previous three decades. The plan violates its own BLM regulations, in particular the 1976 Federal Land and Policy Act (FLPMA) and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). The decision was considered a success for a conservation group coalition including Friends of Juniper Flats, Community Off-road Vehicle Watch, California Native Plantation, Biodiversity Center, Sierra Club, and The Wilderness Society that started legal challenges. at the end of 2006.
Conservation of an area without a path
Many US national parks have discussed or enacted no road rules and partial or total restrictions on ORV. To accommodate fans, some parks like the Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, tailor-made for ORV and related destinations. However, the term does not prevent damage or misuse of the policy.
Public statement
In 2004, some environmental organizations sent a letter to Dale Bosworth, Head of the US Forest Service, and described the extent of damage caused by the use of ORV, including health threats to others:
It has been ensured that off-road vehicle proliferation and use of snowmobiles place land, vegetation, air and water quality, and risky wildlife through pollution, erosion, river sedimentation, habitat fragmentation and disturbance, and other adverse effects on resources.. This impact causes severe and lasting damage to the natural environment where human recreation and horse riding and changing the wild and remote character of the hinterland. Motorized recreation monopolizes forest areas by denying other users the quiet, pure, inland experience they seek. It also presents the threat of safety and health for other recreations.
In 2004, Chief Justice Antonin Scalia listed several problems resulting from the use of ORV in natural areas. From the Environmental News Service article:
Scalia notes that the use of off-road vehicles on federal soils has "negative environmental consequences including soil disturbance and compaction, animal abuse, and pique of wildlife lovers.
A number of environmental organizations, including Rangers for Responsible Recreation, are campaigning to draw attention to the growing threat posed by off-road vehicle abuse and to help overmatched land managers overcome the impact of ORV use. These campaigns have partially encouraged congressional hearings on the growing impact of unmanaged offman vehicle use.
The Subcommittee on the House Natural Resources Committee in the National Parks, Forests and Public Lands held a supervisory meeting on the "Impact of Unmanaged Off-Road Vehicles in the Federal" on 13 March 2008. The second session on off-highway vehicle (OHV) management on public land was held by the Senate's Energy and Natural Resources Committee on 5 June 2008. The Senate committee hearing was held for the purpose of finding out why agencies failed to grapple with the negative impact of off-road vehicle use in the US. public lands and what organizations may need to do to do different things. For the first time in a decade, members of the Energy Senate and Natural Resources Committee are grilling the Forest Service and BLM leaders on why off-street use is permitted to damage American national treasures.
Taking center stage in the discussion is "travel planning process", complex analysis and decision-making procedures with the aim of pointing the right path and path. Both Dinas Kehutanan and BLM have been involved in similar travel planning processes for years now, but some committee members do not seem to think the process is going well. "BLM has identified travel management in its land as 'one of the greatest management challenges' it faces," said committee leader Jeff Bingaman, D-NM. "Likewise, the Forest Service has identified unmanaged recreation - including the use of ORV - as one of the four major threats to the management and health of the National Forest System.In spite of these statements, it seems to me that both institutions can not successfully manage off-road use. "
"The existing rules for managing off-road vehicles are not enforced," Bingaman added, and agencies ignore unregulated use "with significant consequences for the health of our public lands and communities, and adverse effects on other public land uses authorized. "
- Off Road Vehicle Damage
See also
- amphibious vehicles
- Baja Bug
- Game viewer vehicle
- Mud bogging
- Ramp travel index
- Off road park
- Suspension (vehicle)
- Breakover corner
Further reading
- Environmental Hazards from Dune Bashing
References
External links
- Man-made erosion, The National Trust
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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