The Caroline Islands (or Carolines ) are islands that are widespread on small islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of New Guinea. They are politically divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part of the group, and Palau in the extreme western extremes. Historically, this area is also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines because they are part of the East Indies and are governed from Manila in the Philippines.
The Carolines span a distance of about 3540 kilometers (2200 miles), from Tobi, Palau at the westernmost point to Kosrae in the easternmost.
Video Caroline Islands
Description
This group consists of about 500 small coral islands, eastern Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean; the distance from Manila to Yap, one of the larger islands of the group, is 1,200 miles (1,900 km).
Most of the islands consist of low, flat coral atolls, but some rise high above sea level.
Maps Caroline Islands
People and culture
Indigenous peoples speak various Micronesian languages ​​including Pohnpeian, Chuukese, Carolinian, and Kosraean, as well as Western Malayo-Polynesian languages ​​Palauan and Chamorro, and unclassified Yapese languages ​​(probably one of the Admiralty Islands languages). Other significant populations include Filipinos and Japanese.
Indigenous people mainly live in horticulture and fishing, as well as complement their food with various types of bananas and taro, either from "swamp" or "purple" varieties. On some islands the housing continues to be built with local materials including coconut weeds. The language used in trading is English, but there are several native languages. They traditionally believe in the Most High (Yalafar) and in evil spirits (Can), yet they have almost no religious ritual. Due to broad missionary work, Christianity is the main religion practiced in this region of Micronesia.
Navigator Micronesia Navigator Mau Piailug is from Satawal Island, Carolinian Island. He studied traditional Weriyeng school navigation techniques. These techniques have been preserved while the same technique has been forgotten elsewhere in part due to the remoteness of the Carolinian Islands. In the 1970s Mau shared his knowledge with the Polynesian Sailing Communities that led to a revival of traditional Polynesian navigation and a new anthropological understanding of the history of the Polynesian and Micronesians.
In 1985 a study was made about the origin of the sidereal compass used in the Caroline Islands.
History
The different islands and island groups in Carolines leave a unique and varied oral legend that tells the origins and early history of their community. In Pohnpei, for example, pre-colonial history is divided into three eras: Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas (Building Period, or Peopling Period, before ca. 1100); Mwehin Sau Deleur (Lord of Deleur Period, about 1100 to about 1628); and Mwehin Nahnmwarki (Nahnmwarki Period, circa 1628 until about 1885). The legend of Pohnpeian relates that the ruler of Saudeleur, who first brought the government to Pohnpei, came from a foreign country. Saudeleur's centralized form of absolute rule is characterized in the Pohnpeian legend as being increasingly oppressive for generations. The arbitrary and heavy demands, as well as the reputation for offending the gods of Pohnpeian, cast resentment among the Pohnpeians. The Saudeleur Dynasty ended with the invasion of Isokelekel, another semi-mythical stranger, who replaced the Saudeleur rule with the more decentralized system of decentralized nahnmwarki that exists today.
Spanish colony
In mid-1525, a storm brought Portuguese navigators Diogo da Rocha and Gomes de Sequeira eastward from Maluku (via Celebes); they reached some Caroline islands and stayed there until January 20, 1526. The Spanish explorer Toribio Alonso de Salazar and Diego de Saavedra arrived on August 22, 1526, seeing San BartolomÃÆ'Â © or Taongui Island. On January 1, 1528, the inventor ÃÆ' lvaro de Saavedra controlled the Uluti Islands on behalf of the King of Spain. Spanish explorers visited the islands in 1542 (Matelotes Islands), 1543, and 1545. In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Philippine governor-general (in office 1565-1572), passed by.
The islands, known by contemporary Spaniards as Islas de las Hermanas, Hombres Pintados and Los Jardines, emerge from the consciousness of Europe to 1686, when Francisco de Lezcano came to Yap and called the islands of Las Carolinas, in honor of King Carlos II of Spain (reigned 1665-1700). The name was expanded to include the Palau Islands and the archipelago named Gilbert Islands and the Marshall Islands by British explorers who visited them a century later, between 1788 and 1799.
The colonization of the Caroline Islands has, as in most Spanish colonies, a marked religious character. The royal decree of 19 October 1707 was granted authorization for missionary deliveries on several expeditions to the islands. One such expedition (1731) was made by Father Juan Antonio Cantova, who was killed. As a result, Spain broke ties with the Caroline Islands until 1787. The relationship continued later, but with a clear commercial character.
In 1852, Spanish colonel Coello suggested to the Spanish government that the effective occupation of the Caroline Islands provided trade benefits between the Philippines and Australia, New Guinea and America, but Spain ignored its advice until 1885. That year, Spanish representatives Butron and kings of Koror and Artingal signed an act recognizing the sovereignty of the Spanish king on Carolines. After securing the territory, Spain sought to establish import duties in the region in 1875, but Germany and Great Britain protested that the abandonment of the Spanish islands had previously allowed the arrival of German and British missions there. Conflict arises, leading to the submission of these facts to arbitration by Pope Leo XIII, which recognizes Spanish rights on the western islands of the 164 eastern meridian; he was assigned to the German Marshall Islands and the right to maintain a naval station on one of the Caroline Islands, a right which Germany never undertook.
After the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain sold Carolines and Marianas to Germany in the German-Spanish Treaty (1899) for 25 million pesetas or 17 million goldmark (nearly 1,000,000 pounds), while reserve for itself the right to establish a coal mine in the area. Germany ruled the archipelago as Karolinen , administratively linked to New Guinea Germany.
Japanese colony
Japan invaded and occupied the islands in 1914, during World War I. This occupation was carried out by two naval squadrons: West Caroline under the command of a squadron led by Rear Admiral Matsumura Tatsuo (1868-1932), and East Carolines under Vice Admiral Yamaya Tanin (1866-1940). In 1920, after the end of World War I, Japan received the League of Nations mandate over the Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands. During World War II, Japan had a large base established in Lagoon Trucks used for expansion into the southeastern Pacific. In the final years of the war, during Japan's withdrawal to the Japanese home islands, the Allies effectively neutralized Trucks in Hailstone Operations. After the war, the islands (along with the Marshall Islands) became the confines of the United States, with the Federated States of Micronesia gaining independence in 1986, followed by Palau in 1994.
The governor or colonial officer
District Officer (from 1889, Bezirksamtmann-style):
At western Caroline islands (Yap and Palau [and from 1907 Saipan])
- June 29, 1886 - 18 ??, Manuel de Elisa
- before November 1897 - after November 1898, S. Cortes
- 1899-1909, Arno Senfft (born 1864 - d. 1909)
- 1909-19 ??, Rudolf Karlowa
- 1909-1910, Georg Fritz
- 1910-1911, Hermann Kersting
- 1911-1914, Baumert
At East Caroline Islands (Ponape, and including Marshall Islands from 1911)
- June 1886 - 1887 Capriles
- March 14, 1887 - 1887, Isidro Posadillo (died 1887)
- October 1887 - January 1891, Luis Cadarso y Rey (died 1898)
- c.1894, Concha
- before November 1897 - after November 1898, J. Fernandez de Cordoba
- October 12, 1899 - August 1901, Albert Hahl (b. 1868a, - d. 1945)
- September 1, 1901 - April 30, 1907, Victor Berg (born 1861 - d. 1907)
- 1907-198 ?, Max Girschner (acting)
- 1908-1909, Georg Fritz
- 1909 - October 18, 1910, Gustav Boeder (w. 1910)
- 1910 - October 7, 1914, August ÃÆ'Ã… "horor
History of the ecclesiastical
Two Jesuits, Juan Antonio Cantova (also known as John Anthony Cantova) and Victor Walter, pursued missionary work there in 1731; the first to be killed and the last to escape. Two other Jesuits were killed later. In 1767 the Jesuits were suppressed in the power of Spain, and for the next 120 years there was no trace of a missionary.
The controversy between the Germans and the Spaniards concerning the ownership of Carolines was settled by Pope Leo XIII in favor of Spain, the king directing the Spanish Capuchins to the islands, March 15, 1886, and Flying Propaganda officially established the mission, May 15, 1886, divide it into two parts, each named West and East Carolines. Until then the islands ecclesially belong to the Apostolic Vicariate of Micronesia. The Spanish Capuchins have a catechism and prayer book printed in Ponape dialect, and Father Anthony of Valentia writes Yap's dialect of grammar and dictionary in 1890.
When the Spanish Fathers had laid the foundations of mission, these islands were passed by purchases into German hands in 1899. Spain has donated more than $ 5,000 per year to the mission; Germany does not provide support. Spain forces indigenous people to send their children to school; Germany gave complete freedom in this regard, and people consequently began to ignore schools and churches. The mission suffered greatly, and Fide Propaganda finally considered it necessary to replace the Spanish Capuchins with people of German nationality (7 November 1904) and establish an Apostolic prefecture rather than two separate missions (December 18, 1905). The venerable Father Venantius of Prechtal, Germany was appointed the first Apostolic Prefect.
In 1906, twelve fathers and twelve brothers worked at 13 stations, and several Sisters from St. Francis left Luxembourg to lead ten schools, where there were 262 children. Ninety converted adults were "harvests" that year, and the Catholic population was given in 1900 among the 11,600 unconverted pribumi and some Protestants. The United States Government sent, 1 July 1905, a Jesuit from the Manila Observatory to establish a meteorological station on the island of Yap, where Capuchin Father Callistus was appointed director. The origin of East Asian cyclones has been traced to these areas, and twice daily observations are made, and frequent notifications are given to Manila by cable.
Postage stamp
During the German control period, Germany issued stamps for the islands; see postage stamps and history from the Caroline Islands for more details.
See also
- Wa (boat)
Note
References
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Caroline Islands". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
- This article incorporates text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " article name required ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton.
- Region Datasheet at World Statesmen.org
External links
* Expedition to Kapingamarangi & amp; Fathom Nukuoro Magazine (1979)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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