Brain injury acquired ( ABI ) is brain damage caused by an event after birth, not as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal disease or perinatal hypoxia. ABI may result in cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioral disorders that cause permanent or temporary function changes. These disorders result from traumatic brain injury (eg physical trauma from accidents, attacks, neurosurgery, head injuries etc) or nontraumatic injuries originating from internal or external sources (eg stroke, brain tumor, infection, poisoning, hypoxia, ischaemia, encephalopathy or substance abuse). ABI does not include damage to the brain resulting from neurodegenerative disorders.
While research has shown that thought and behavior can be changed in almost all forms of ABI, brain injury itself is a very complex phenomenon that has a very varied effect. No two people can expect the same results or the resulting difficulties. The brain controls every part of human life: physical, intellectual, behavioral, social and emotional. When the brain is damaged, some parts of one's life will be affected.
The consequences of ABI often require large life adjustments around a person's new circumstances, and making those adjustments an important factor in recovery and rehabilitation. While the outcome of the injury given depends heavily on the nature and severity of the injury itself, proper treatment plays an important role in determining the rate of recovery.
Video Acquired brain injury
Signs and symptoms
Emotional
ABI has been associated with a number of emotional difficulties such as depression, problems with self-control, managing anger impulses and challenges with problem solving, these challenges also contribute to psychosocial problems involving social anxiety, loneliness and low self-esteem. These psychosocial problems have been found to contribute to other dilemmas such as reduced frequency of social contact and recreational activities, unemployment, family problems and marital difficulties.
How patients facing injuries have been found to affect the rate at which they experience emotional complications that are correlated with ABI. Three coping strategies associated with ABI have presented themselves in research, coping-oriented approaches, passive coping and avoidant coping. The coping-oriented approach has been found to be the most effective strategy, having been negatively correlated with apathy and depression rates in ABI patients; this coping style is present in individuals who consciously work to minimize ABI's emotional challenges. Passive coping has been characterized by people who choose not to express emotions and lack of motivation that can lead to poor outcomes for the individual. Increased levels of depression have been correlated with avoidance prevention methods in patients with ABI; this strategy is represented in people who actively avoid coping with emotions. These challenges and coping strategies must be considered when trying to understand the individual suffering from ABI.
Memory
After a brain injury, patients often experience memory loss; memory impairment is one of the most common cognitive deficits experienced in patients. However, since some aspects of memory are directly related to attention, it can be a challenge to assess what component deficits are caused by memory and which is essentially a matter of concern. There is often partial recovery of memory functionality after the initial recovery phase; However, permanent disability is often reported in ABI patients who report memory difficulties that are much more significant when compared to people without brain injury acquired.
To overcome memory interference more efficiently, many people with ABI use memory aids; These include external items such as diaries, notebooks and electronic providers, internal strategies such as visual associations, and environmental adaptations such as labeling kitchen cabinets. Research has found that ABI patients use an increase in the number of memory aids after their injuries than they did before and this assistance varies in effectiveness. One popular aid is the use of diaries. Studies have found that diary use is more effective when paired with self-study, because training leads to more frequent use of diaries over time and is thus more successfully used as a memory aid.
Maps Acquired brain injury
Children
In children and adolescents with brain injuries acquired by children, the cognitive and emotional difficulties derived from their injuries can negatively impact their level of participation in homes, schools and other social situations, participation in structured events has been found to be especially hindered in situations like this. Involvement in social situations is essential for normal development of children as a means of gaining an understanding of how to work effectively with others. In addition, young people with ABI are often reported to have inadequate problem-solving skills. It has the potential to hamper their performance in more academic and social settings. It is important for the rehabilitation program to address specific challenges for children who are not fully developed at the time of their injuries.
Management
Rehabilitation after the acquired brain injury did not follow the established protocol, due to various mechanisms of injury and structures affected. Conversely, rehabilitation is an individual process that often involves a multidisciplinary approach. The rehabilitation team may include but is not limited to nurses, neurologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, music therapists, and psychologists. Physical therapy and other professions can be utilized post-brain injury to control muscle tone, acquire normal movement patterns, and maximize functional independence. Rehabilitation should be patient-centered and guided by individual needs and goals.
There is some evidence that rhythmic hearing stimulation is useful in gait rehabilitation following brain injury. Music therapy can help patients to improve gait, swing arm while walking, communication, and quality of life after a stroke. Newer methods of treatment such as virtual reality and robotics are still poorly researched; However, there is reason to believe that virtual reality in upper limb rehabilitation can be useful, after a brain injury is obtained.
Because of some randomized controlled trials and generally weak evidence, more research is needed to gain a complete understanding of the ideal types and parameters of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of brain injuries obtained.
For more information on therapeutic interventions to get brain injury, see stroke and traumatic brain injury.
Memory
Several strategies to rehabilitate the memory of those affected by ABI have used repetitive tasks to try to improve patients' ability to remember information. While this type of training improves performance on existing tasks, there is little evidence that skills translate to improved performance on memory challenges outside the laboratory. Awareness of memory strategies, motivation and dedication to improve memory has been linked to a successful memory enhancement among patients for example the use of attention and education training in brain injury in patients with memory impairment related to brain injury. It has been shown to improve memory function in patients based on self-report size.
Another strategy for improvement among individuals with poor memory functionality is the use of elaboration to improve the coding of items, one form of this strategy called self-imagining where patients imagine events to be remembered from a more personal perspective. Self-imagining has been found to improve the recognition memory by encoding events in a more prominent manner individually for the subject. This effect has been found to improve memory in individuals with and without memory impairment.
There is research evidence showing that individual-directed rehabilitation programs have greater outcomes than group-based interventions to improve memory in ABI patients because they are tailored to the symptoms experienced by individuals.
More research is needed to draw conclusions about how to improve memory among individuals with ABIs experiencing memory loss.
Famous cases
There are many cases popularized from various forms of ABI such as:
- The Phineas Gage case of a traumatic brain injury that greatly stimulated discussion of brain function and physiology Henry Molaison, formerly known as the H.M. patient, underwent neurosurgery to remove scar tissue in her brain that causes debilitating seizures of epilepsy, neurosurgeon William Beecher Scoville performed an operation that created a bilateral lesion near the hippocampus. These lesions help relieve epilepsy symptoms in Molaison but lead to anterograde amnesia. Molaison has been studied by hundreds of researchers since this time, especially Brenda Milner, and has been very influential in learning memory and the brain.
- Zasetsky was wounded in the Smolensk Battle, the bullet entered the left parieto-occipital area and resulted in a long coma. After this, he develops the shape of agnosia and becomes unable to see the right side of the object.
See also
- Traumatic brain injury
- Brain damage
- Konkusi
- Head injuries
- Neurodegeneration
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
References
External links
- The World Federation of Neurorehabilitation
- England Experiencing Brain Injury Forum
- Brain Injury Hub - practical information and advice for parents and family members of children with acquired brain injury
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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