A camel is a well-stained mite in the genus Camelus containing a special fat storage known as "humps" on its back. The camels have long been registered and, as livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from the hair). As a worker animal, camels - which are uniquely suited to their desert habitat - are an important means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three species of camels still alive. One-humped dromedary constitutes 94% of the world's camel population, and the Bactria camel backs up to the other. The Wild Bactrian Camel is a separate species and is now highly threatened.
camelus and the Greek: ??????? ( kam los ) from Hebrew or Phenicia: g? m? l . Informally used, "camel" (or, more precisely, "camelid") refers to one of the seven members of the Camelidae family: dromedary, Bactrian, and wild Bactrian (camel) plus llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuÃÆ'Â ± a ("New World" camelids).
Dromedary ( C. Dromedarius ), also known as Arab camels , inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa, while Bactrian ( C. Bactrianus < Central, including the historical Bactria region. The highly endangered wild baktria ( C. Ferus ) is found only in remote areas of northwestern China and Mongolia. The extinct species of camels in the separate genus Camelops , known as
Video Camel
Biology
The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. An adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 feet 1 inch) on the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 feet 1 inch) in the hump. Camel can run up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and maintain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph). Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 pounds) and dromedari 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The wide toes of the camel's nails provide additional grip for various soil sediments.
The male dromedary camel has an organ called the dulla in its throat, a large inflatable bag extruded from its mouth when it is in habit to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue that hangs out from the side of its mouth. Camel mates with having men and women sitting on the ground, with men riding from behind. Men usually ejaculate three or four times in a single mating session. Camelids are the only ungulates that are paired in a sitting position.
Ecological and behavioral adaptations
Camels do not directly store water on their bumps as they once believed. Humps are reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their mounds minimizes the effects of fat insulation will be if distributed throughout their body, helping camels survive in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it produces more than one gram of water for each gram of processed fat. This fat metabolism, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for metabolic processes): overall, there is a net decrease in water.
Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to last long without external water sources. The dromedary cam can drink as rarely every 10 days even in very hot conditions, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to dehydration. Unlike other mammals, the camel's red blood cells have an oval shape, not a round. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better to withstand high osmotic variations without breaking when drinking large amounts of water: 600 kg (1,300 pounds) of camels can drink 200 liters (53 gallons US) of water in three minutes.
Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that will kill most other animals. Their temperatures range from 34Ã, ° C (93Ã,  ° F) at dawn and continue rising to 40à  ° C (104Ã,  ° F) at sunset, before they cool down at night again. In general, to compare camels and other livestock, the camel loses only 1.3 liters of fluid daily while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day (Breulmann, et al., 2007). Maintaining the temperature of the brain to some extent is critical animal; To help this, camels have mirabile rete, an arterial and vein complex located very close to each other that uses reverse blood flow to cool the blood flowing to the brain. Camels rarely sweat, even when the ambient temperature reaches 49  ° C (120  ° F). Any sweat that appears evaporates on the skin level and not on the surface of their mantle; The heat of evaporation therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand the loss of 25% of their body weight to sweat, while most other mammals can only hold about 12-14% dehydration before heart failure due to circulatory disorders.
When camels exhale, water vapors are trapped in their nostrils and reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels that eat green herbs can digest sufficient moisture under lighter conditions to maintain the hydrated state of their body without the need to drink.
The thick coat of camels protects them from the powerful heat emitted from the desert sand; the shaved camel must sweat 50% more so as not to overheat. During the summer the mantle becomes more colorful, reflects light and helps avoid sunburn. The camel's long legs help by keeping his body farther away from the ground, which can heat up to 70 Ã, Â ° C (158Ã, Â ° F). Dromedaries have thick tissue pads above the breastbone called pedestal . When the animal lies in the supernatural position of the sternum, the pedestal lifts the body from the hot surface and allows cold air to enter the body.
The camel's mouth has thick thick layers, allowing them to chew the desert thorn plants. Long eyelashes and ear hair, along with the nostrils that can close, form a barrier against the sand. If the sand is sticking in their eyes, they can eject it using their transparent third eyelids. The widening movements of camels and feet help them move without sinking into the sand.
The kidneys and the camel's intestines are very efficient at absorbing water. The camel's kidney has a 1: 4 cortex with a medullary ratio. So the medulla part of the camel's kidneys occupies twice as many areas as the cow's kidney. Second, the kidney cells have a smaller diameter, which reduces the surface area for filtration. These two main anatomical features allow camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions. The urine of the camel comes out as a thick syrup, and the camel's dirt is so dry it does not need to be dried when the Bedouins use it to trigger a fire. Camels can live in difficult conditions without drinking water because of their ability to produce small, dry dirt and they use water to keep their body temperature to match the surrounding area (Breulmann, et al., 2007).
The camel's immune system is different from other mammals. Typically, the Y-shaped antibody molecule consists of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of Y, and two bright (or short) chains on each end of Y. Camels, besides these, also have antibodies that are made. from just two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have flourished 50 million years ago, after camelids separate from ruminants and pigs.
Genetics
Different camelid camelot karyotypes have been studied previously by many groups, but no agreement on camelids chromosome nomination has been achieved. The 2009 study sequence sequenced the camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 74), and found that the karyotype consisted of one metacentric, three sub-metrics, and 32 acrosentric autosomes. Y is a small metacentric chromosome, whereas X is a large metacentric chromosome.
The hybrid camel, a hybrid between the Bactrian camel and the dromedary, has one hump, although it has a 4-12 cm (1.6-4.7 inches) indentation depth that divides ahead from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) on the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 7 ft) high on the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 pounds) and can carry about 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 pounds), which is more than either dromedary or Bactria can.
According to molecular data, the camelids of the New World and the Old World deviate about 11 million years ago. However, this species can be hybridized and produce proper offspring. Cama is a camel hybrid raised by scientists to see how close the parent species is. Scientists collect semen from a camel through an artificial vagina and isolate the llamas after stimulating ovulation by injection of gonadotrophin. Cama is half the size between a camel and a llama and has no hump. It has intermediate ears between camels and llamas, legs longer than llamas, and cloven partial nails. Such as mules, sterile camas, although both parents have the same number of chromosomes. The wild Bactrian camel ( C. Ferus ) is separated from the domestic Bactrian camel ( C. Bactrianus ) about 1 million years ago.
Evolution
The earliest known camel, called Protylopus , lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene). It's the size of a rabbit and lives in an open forest of what is now South Dakota. In 35 million years ago, Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many properties similar to camels and llamas. The Stenomylus nails, which run on the tips of their toes, are also around this time, and long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.
The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus , is in the upper Miocene and the lower Pliocene. About 3-5 million years ago, Camelidae North America spread to South America as part of the Great American Exchange through the recently formed Isthmus of Panama, where they gave birth to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge. The surprising findings of the Paracamelus fossils on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic show that dromedary is derived from larger boreal brows whose fever may have evolved as an adaptation in cold climates. This creature is estimated to be about nine feet high.
The last camel natives to North America are Camelops hesternus, who disappeared along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sword-sword cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with human migrations from Asia.
Maps Camel
Domestication
Like horses, before the extinction on their original continent, the camel spread across Bering's land bridge, moving in the opposite direction to Asian immigration to America. They survive in the Old World, and finally humans tame them and spread them globally. Along with many other megafauna in North America, native wild camels were destroyed during the spread of Native Americans from Asia to North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. Most of the living camels today are domesticated. Although wild populations exist in Australia, India and Kazakhstan, wild camels only survive in wild Bactrian camel populations in the Gobi Desert.
Humans may have the first dromedary cultivated in Somalia and southern Arabia around 3,000 BC, and the Bactrian camel in central Asia around 2,500 BC, as in Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burned City), Iran.
The discussion of camel domestication in Mesopotamia often refers to the camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J , for example, mentions: "In accordance with the patriarchal tradition, the cylindrical seal of the Mesopotamian Middle Bronze Age shows the rider sitting on a camel."
Martin Heide's 2010 work on camel domestication tentatively concludes that humans have tamed the Bactrian camel at least in the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, with practice then moving on to Mesopotamia. Heide points out that mentioning camels "in a patriarchal narrative may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel," while noting that the camels are not mentioned in connection with Canaan.
Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef found the oldest domestic bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula, around 930 BC. It garnered considerable media coverage, because it was portrayed as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Jacob, Esau, and Joseph were written after this time.
The existence of camels in Mesopotamia - but not in the eastern Mediterranean region - is not a new idea. Historian Richard Bulliet does not think that the mention of camels in the Bible periodically means that domestic camels are common in the Holy Land at that time. Archaeologist William F. Albright, writing earlier, sees the camels in the Bible as anachronism.
The official reports of Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph note:
"The introduction of camel dromedarias (Camelus dromedarius) as packaged animals to the southern Levant... substantially facilitates trade across the vast Arabian desert, promoting economic and social change (eg Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112-116; Jasmin 2005). This... has produced extensive discussions on the earliest dates of camels in the southern Levant (and beyond) (eg, Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558-584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; KÃÆ'¶hler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that dromedary was exploited as a pack animal in early Iron Age (not before the 12th century [BC]) "
and concluded:
"The current data from the copper smelter site of the Aravah Valley allows us to determine the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on the stratigraphic context associated with a wide range of radiocarbon dates.The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 20th century. 10 [BC] and most likely during this time.Convenience of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry in the region - linked to the results of the Pharoah Shoshenq I campaign - increases the likelihood that the two are connected, and that camels are introduced as part of efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade. "
Textile
Mongolian desert and Mongolian travelers use camel hair for tents, yurts, clothing, beds and accessories. The camel has an outer guard hair and a soft inside down, and the fibers are sorted by the color and age of the animal. Guard hair can be felt for use as a waterproof coat for shepherds, while softer hair is used for premium items. The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarn for hand crochet or crochet. The hair of pure camels is recorded as being used for western garments from the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of camel wool and camel was used.
Military use
At least 1200 BC the first camel saddle had appeared, and the Bactrian camel could be ridden. The first saddle is positioned behind the camel, and the Bactrian camel control is done with a stick. However, between 500 and 100 BC, the Bactrian camel came for military use. The new saddle, which is inflexible and bent, is placed on a mound and divides the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the Arab military saddle evolved, once again refining the saddle design.
Military forces have used camel cavalry in wars across Africa, the Middle East, and to the modern Border Security Forces (BSF) in India (although in July 2012, the BSF is planning replacement of camels with ATVs). The first documented use of the camel cavalry occurred at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC. Soldiers also use camels as animal carriers instead of horses and mules.
The Eastern Roman Empire used an additional force known as dromedarii , which recruited the Romans in the desert provinces. These camels are mostly used in battle because of their ability to frighten horses from close range (horses feared by the smell of camels), a notable quality used by the Persian Achaemenid against Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra (547 BC).
the 19th and 20th centuries
- The United States Army established the US Camel Corps, stationed in California, at the end of the 19th century. People may still see stables at Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they currently function as the Benicia History Museum. Although the use of experimental camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated for a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 saw the end of Camel Corps: Texas being part of the Confederation, great camels are left to go to the desert.
- France created the camel camelet mÃÆ' Â © hariste in 1912 as part of the ArmÃÆ'Â © e d'Afrique in the Sahara to exercise greater control over Tuareg and the Arab rebels riding on camels, before to beat them on foot has failed. The Free French Camel Corps fought during World War II, and the camel-mounted units remained in operation until the end of France's rule over Algeria in 1962.
- In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was initially used against the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestinian Campaigns in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps consisted of infantry riding camels to move across the desert, even though they descended into battle and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to run down, did not receive new reinforcements, and was officially dissolved in 1919.
- In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel riders and their camels. The corps supported British war operations in the Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to troops.
- The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by the colonial authorities in Somaliland England in 1912; it was dissolved in 1944.
- Bactrian camels were used by Romanian troops during World War II in the Caucasus region.
- The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.
- The Tropas NÃÆ'³madas (Nomad Troop) is an additional regiment of the Sahrawi tribe serving in the colonial army in the Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara). Operations from the 1930s to the end of Spain's presence in the region in 1975, Tropas NÃÆ'³madas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guards the posts and sometimes patrols on camel boats.
Food using
Milk
Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes regarded as the food itself; a nomad can only live with camel's milk for almost a month. Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins; compared with cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose, and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C. Bedouins believes curative strength of camel's milk is enhanced if the camel diet consists of certain desert plants. Camel milk can easily be made into drinkable yogurt, butter or cheese, although the results for cheese tend to be low.
Camel milk can not be made into butter by traditional stirring methods. This can be done if it gets worse, shuffled, and clarifying agents are then added. Until now, camel milk can not be made into camel cheese because rennet can not thicken milk proteins to allow for the collection of buttermilk. Developing less wasteful use of milk, FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet from National Nation Suprieur d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, which is able to produce thickened with the addition of calcium phosphate and rennet vegetables. Cheese produced from this process has low cholesterol levels and is easily digested, even for lactose that is intolerant. The sale of camel cheese is limited due to the small output of some dairy companies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in the local market (West Africa). Cheese imports from countries that traditionally cultivate camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on milk imports from these areas.
In addition, camel milk has been made into ice cream at a Dutch camel farm.
Meat
Camels are the main pillars that support the national economy of many developing countries, as they are useful for transportation, and provide food in the form of meat and milk (Tariq et al. , 2010). A camel carcass can provide a large amount of meat. Male dromedary carcasses can weigh 300-400 kg (661-882 pounds), while Bactrian male carcasses can weigh up to 650 kg (1,433 lb). The carcass of dromedary women weighs less than men, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 Â £). The brisket, ribs and loin are the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy. The humps contain "white fat and sickness," which can be used to make khli (preserved meat) from goat, beef, or camel. On the other hand, camel and meat milk is rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients that make it important in many people's diets. From chemical composition to meat quality, dromedary camels are the preferred type for meat production. This is good even in dry areas due to unusual physiological behavior and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water shortages, coarse landscaping and low vegetation (Aleme, 2013). The camel meat is reported to taste like rough beef, but the older camel proved very hard, although the camel's meat became more tender the more cooked. Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat to enhance the texture and flavor. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there is a camel butcher specialist.
Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. This has been noted by ancient Greek writers as a dish available at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted intact. The ancient Roman emperor, Heliogabalus, enjoyed the heels of a camel. Camel meat is still eaten in certain areas, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan and other dry regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has a cultural long. Camel blood can also be consumed, as is the case among shepherds in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a major source of iron, vitamin D, salt and minerals. Camel meat is also sometimes found in Australian cuisine: for example, camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.
A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention detailed cases of human plague caused by the consumption of raw camel liver.
Religion
Islam
Camel meat is halal (Arabic: ??????? ?, 'Allowed') for Muslims. However, according to some schools of Islamic thought, a state of impurity is brought about by that consumption. As a result, these schools argue that Muslims should perform ablution before the next time they pray after eating camel meat. Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haram (Arabic: ??????? ?, 'Forbidden') for a Muslim to perform Salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a residence of Shaytan (Arabic: ??????????? ?, 'Devil'). According to Abu Yusuf, camel urine can be used for medical treatment if necessary, but according to Ab? ? an? fah, drinking camel urine is not recommended.
Islamic texts contain several stories that feature camels. In the story of the Thamud people, the Prophet Salih miraculously produced a naqat (Arabic: ???????? ?, 'she-camel') from the rock. After the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, he allowed his camel to roam there; the location where the camel stopped resting determines the location where he will build his house in Medina.
Judaism
According to Jewish tradition, camel and milk meat is not halal. Camels have only one of two halal criteria; although they chew on their chews, they do not have toe nails:
"But you will not eat among those who breed and those who have drooping nails: the camel, because it brings up the anesthetic, but does not have a fingernail that is not really clean for you."
Cultural depictions
Distribution and number
There are about 14 million camels alive in 2010, with 90% being dromedaries. Dromedari living today are pets (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, the Maghreb, the Middle East and South Asia). Horn region itself has the largest camel concentration in the world, where dromedary is an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel flock in the world) and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.
Approximately 700,000 dromedary camels are now wild in Australia, derived from those introduced as transportation methods in the 19th century and early 20th century. This population grows about 8% per year. Representatives from the Australian government have wiped out more than 100,000 animals in part because the camels use too many limited resources needed by sheep breeders.
The small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wanders through the Southwest of the United States after being imported in the 19th century as part of the Camel US Corps experiment. When the project ends, they are used as draft animals in the mine and run away or freed. Twenty-five US camels were purchased and imported into Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.
The Bactrian camel, in 2010, was reduced to about 1.4 million animals, most of which were domesticated. The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is the only truly wild (as opposed to wild) camel in the world. Wild camels are highly endangered and number around 1400, inhabiting the Gobi and the Taklamakan Desert in China and Mongolia.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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