Oklahoma ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Pawnee: UukuhuÃÆ'ºwa , Cayuga:
As a major producer of natural gas, oil and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on aviation, energy, telecommunication and biotechnology economies. Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's main economic anchor, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan area of ​​statistics.
With ancient mountains, grasslands, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma is located in Great Plains, Cross Timbers, and the US Plateau, an area prone to mainly due to bad weather. More than 25 Native American languages ​​are spoken in Oklahoma, ranked third behind Alaska and California.
Oklahoma is at the meeting of three major American cultural areas and historically serves as a route for cattle drives, destinations for Southern settlers, and government-sanctioned territories for Native Americans.
Video Oklahoma
Etimologi
The name Oklahoma comes from the phrase Choctaw okla humma , which literally means red . Choctaw Nation Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during a treaty negotiation with the federal government regarding the use of the Indian Territory, where he envisioned a country entirely India controlled by the United States Inspector of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian , okla humma is a phrase in Choctaw that describes the Native Americans as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for the Oklahoma Region, and was officially approved in 1890, two years after it was opened to the white population.
Maps Oklahoma
Geography
Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of ​​69,898 square miles (181,030 km 2 ), with 68,667 square miles (177,850 km 2 ) ground and 1,281 square miles (3,320 km 2 ) water. It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographic center of 48 adjacent states. It is bordered to the east by Arkansas and Missouri, to the north by Kansas, to the northwest by Colorado, on the western end by New Mexico, and to the south and west close to Texas. Many of its borders with Texas are located along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental crash. Geologists define the placement of the Red River.
The west end of Oklahoma sticks out of harmony with the Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line. The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was set along the 103rd meridian. In the 1890s, when Oklahoma was officially surveyed using more accurate survey equipment and techniques, it was found that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd meridian. The survey technique was inaccurate in 1819, and the actual meridian 103 was about 2.2 miles to the east. It is much easier to leave a mistake than Texas to give up land to New Mexico to correct survey errors. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border placement represents the actual meridian 103.
Cimarron County in Oklahoma is the only area in the United States that touches four other countries: New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas.
Topography
Oklahoma lies between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico basin, generally sloping from the western highlands to the low lowlands on the southeastern border. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, located near the northwest corner of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The lowest point of the country is at Little River near the far southeast border near Idabel city, Oklahoma, which plunges to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.
Among the most geographically diverse countries, Oklahoma is one of four ports that have more than 10 different ecological areas, with 11 on its border - more per square mile than in other states. The western and eastern parts, however, are characterized by extreme differences in geographic diversity: Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three. Despite having less ecological territory, Western Oklahoma contains many rare species.
Oklahoma has four major mountains: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains and the Ozark Mountains. Inside the US Interior Highlands, the Ozark Mountains and Ouachita are the only major mountain areas between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian. Some of the Flint Hills stretch north-central Oklahoma, and near the eastern border of the state, The Oklahoma Tourism & amp; The Recreation Department considers Cavanal Hill to be the highest hill in the world; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain with one foot.
The semi-arid plateau in the northwest corner of the state has little natural forest; the region has a flat, flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial land is disturbed by small mountains in the sky, such as Antelope hill and Wichita Mountains in the southwestern tip of Oklahoma; transitional grasslands and savannas cover the center of the country. The mountains of Ozark and Ouachita rise from west to east over the eastern third state, gradually rising in the direction to the east.
Over 500 rivers and streams named Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the highest number of nation-made reservoirs. Most states are located in two major drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, although Lee and Little Rivers also contain significant drainage basins.
Flora and fauna
Due to the location of Oklahoma at meetings of many geographical regions, the country's climate area has a high level of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma's pastures and grasslands consisting of short grasses, mixed grasses and tallgrass pastures, extensive ecosystem ports in the central and western parts of the state, although farmland has replaced many of the original grasses. Where rare rainfall is in the western part of the state, grasslands and grassland shortgrass are the most prominent ecosystems, though pine pine, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and river beds in far-flung remote areas. Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare species, including maple sugar, maple bigtooth, nolina and southern oak trees.
Swamp forest, cypress forest and shortlop pine mix, loblolly pine, blue palmetto, and deciduous forests dominate the southeastern part of the country, while mixtures of mostly oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and forest pine lid northeast of Oklahoma.
The country has a population of white-tailed deer, donkey deer, antelopes, coyotes, mountain lions, Bobcats, deer, and birds like quails, pigeons, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed eagles, and pheasants. In the grassland ecosystem, American bulls, bigger prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillos are common, and some of the country's largest prairie dogs inhabit the grassland of shortgrass in the stretched state. The Cross Timbers, an area that transitions from grasslands to forests in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bears, red foxes, gray foxes, and river otter populations, living side by side with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma there lived American crocodiles.
Protected lands
Oklahoma has 50 state parks, six national parks or protected areas, two national protected forests or pastures, and wildlife conservation and conservation areas. Six percent of the country's 10 million acre (40,000 km 2 ) forest is a public land, including the western part of Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States.
With an area of ​​39,000 acres (160 km 2 ), Tallgrass Prairie Nature Reserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area in the world's tallgrass meadows and is part of an ecosystem that covers only 10 percent of the land area, while covering 14 states. In addition, Black Kettle National Grassland includes 31,300 acres (127Ã, km 2 ) from grasslands in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Sanctuary is the oldest and largest of the nine national wildlife sanctuaries in the state and was founded in 1901, covering 59,020 hectares (238.8 km 2 ).
From federal federal parks or recreational sites, Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with 9,898.63 acres (40,0583 km 2 ). Other sites include traces of Santa Fe's national history and the Trail of Tears, Fort Smith's national historic sites and the Washita Battlefield, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.
Climate
Oklahoma is in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma is located in a transition zone between the humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, southern and eastern parts of the country. Most states are located in an area known as Tornado Alley which is characterized by the frequent interaction between cold and dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwest USA, and the warm humid air of the Gulf of Mexico. The interaction between these three contrast air currents results in bad weather (severe thunderstorms, devastating lightning storms, large hailstorms and tornadoes) with frequencies not seen elsewhere on planet Earth. An average of 62 tornadoes strike the country per year - one of the highest rates in the world.
Because of the Oklahoma position between different zones between prevailing temperatures and winds, weather patterns within countries can vary widely within a relatively short distance and can change drastically in a short period of time. For example, on November 11, 1911, temperatures in Oklahoma City reached 83 ° F (28 ° C) in the afternoon (record high for that date), then the cold front of the Arctic with an unprecedented intensity hit the state. , causing the temperature to drop 66 degrees, dropping to 17 Â ° F (-8 Â ° C) at midnight (record low for that date); thus, both record highs and record lows for November 11 are set at the same date. This kind of phenomenon is also responsible for many tornadoes in the area, such as the Oklahoma 1912 tornado outbreak, when a warm front moves along a chilled cold front, generating an average of about one tornado per hour during the day.
The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa ) from central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is strongly influenced by the southern winds that bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, climate change progressively toward the semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk ) in the Panhandle plateau and other western regions from around Lawton to the west, more rarely touched by the southern humidity. Rainfall and temperatures decrease from east to west, with areas in the southeast of an average annual temperature of 62 °, Â ° F (17 ° C), and annual rainfall is generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while the area (higher elevation) averages 58 Â ° F (14 Â ° C), with annual rainfall below 17 inches (430 mm).
In almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly rainfall increases dramatically in spring to peak in May, the wettest month in most states, with frequent and frequent thunderstorm activity. Early June can still get wet, but most of the year saw decreased rainfall marked during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season in most parts of Oklahoma, with long hot weather spans with only unusual sporadic storm rain for years. Severe droughts often occur in the hottest summers, such as in 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which last for weeks at the end of virtual chaos and high temperatures of over 100Ã, ° F (38Ã,  ° C). Average rainfall rose again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wet season, then declining from late October to December.
All countries often experience temperatures above 100Ã, Â ° F (38Ã, Â ° C) or below 0Ã, Â ° F (-18Ã, Â ° C), although temperatures below zero are rare in south-central and southeast Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches (10 cm) in the south to over 20 inches (51 cm) on the Colorado border in the area. The country is home to the Hurricane Prediction Center, National Great Storm Laboratory, and the Decision Making Training Division, all parts of the National Weather Service and in Norman. The highest temperature in Oklahoma was recorded at 120 Â ° F (49 Â ° C) recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of -31 Â ° F (-35 Â ° C) was recorded in Nowata on February 10, 2011.
History
Evidence shows indigenous peoples traveling through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. The ancestors of Wichita, Kichai, Teyas, Escanjaques, and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. Southern Plains residents live in central and western states, with subgroups, Panhandle cultural people living in protruding areas. The Caddoan Mississippian cultural community lives in the eastern part of the state. Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, is a complex of large Mississippian bumps that developed between AD 850 and 1450.
The Spanish Francisco VÃÆ'¡zquez de Coronado traveled through the country in 1541, but the French explorer claimed the area in the 1700s. In the 18th century, Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche entered this region from the west and the inhabitants of Quapaw and Osage moved into the area that is now eastern Oklahoma. The French colony claimed the territory until 1803, when all French territories west of the Mississippi River were purchased by the United States in Louisiana Purchase.
The area now known as Oklahoma first became part of the Arkansas Region from 1819 to 1828.
During the 19th century, thousands of Native Americans were expelled from their ancestral homelands from all of North America and transported to the current and surrounding areas in Oklahoma. The Choctaw is the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the Southeastern United States. The phrase "Trail of Tears" comes from the description of the Choctaw Nation deletion in 1831, although the term is commonly used for Cherokee removal.
Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 black slaves were deported. The area, already occupied by the Osage and Quapaw tribes, was called to the Choctaw Nation until revised Native Americans and then American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. In 1890, more than 30 nations and tribes of America have been concentrated in the mainland in the Territory of India or the "Indian State".
All Five Civilians supported and signed an agreement with the Confederate military during the American Civil War. Cherokee nation has an internal civil war. Slavery in the Territory of India was not removed until 1866.
In the period between 1866 and 1899, cattle farms in Texas struggled to meet food demand in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to be delivered on time. Traces of cattle and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either pushed their products to the north or settled illegally in the Indian Territory. In 1881, four of the five major livestock lanes on the western border traveled through the Indian Territory.
The increase in the presence of white settlers in the Territory of India prompted the United States Government to enact the Dawes Act in 1887, dividing the land of individual tribes into rations for each family, encouraging farming and private ownership of land among Native Americans, but confiscating the land to the federal government. In the process, the railway company took almost half of the land held by India within the territory for outsiders and for purchase.
Major lands, including Land Run in 1889, were held for settlers where certain territories were opened to settlements beginning at the right time. Usually the land is open to settlers based on who first comes first served. Those who violate the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time are said to have crossed the border faster, leading to the term fast , which eventually became the official nickname of the state.
The deliberation to make the region into a state began in the late nineteenth century, when the Curtis Act continued the allotment of Indian tribal land.
the 20th and 21st centuries
Attempts to create an all-Indian state called Oklahoma and later attempts to create an entire-Indian state called Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Kequoe Convention of 1905 finally laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma State Convention, which took place two years later. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was established as the 46th state in the Union.
The new country is becoming a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as oil inventions encourage cities to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa was finally known as the "Capital of the World Oil" for much of the 20th century and oil investment fueled much of the country's early economies. In 1927, businessman Oklahoman Cyrus Avery, known as "Father Route 66", started a campaign to create the US Route 66. Using a highway stretch from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original part of Highway 66, Avery pioneered the creation of the Association US Highway 66 to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in the hometown of Tulsa.
Oklahoma also has a rich African American history. Many black towns flourished in the early 20th century as black settlers moved from neighboring countries, especially Kansas. Politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged black settlers to come to what was then the Indian Territory. He discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt about the possibility of making Oklahoma the majority black country.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Greenwood neighborhood in Tulsa was one of the most prosperous African-American communities in the United States. Jim Crow's law has established racial segregation since before the beginning of the 20th century, but blacks have created a burgeoning region.
Social tensions were exacerbated by the rise of the Ku Klux Klan after 1915. Tulsa riots broke out in 1921, with white people attacking blacks. In one of the most expensive episodes of racial violence in American history, sixteen hours of unrest resulted in 35 city blocks destroyed, $ 1.8 million in property damage, and an estimated 300 deaths. In the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had rejected the negligible influence within the state.
During the 1930s, parts of the country began to suffer the consequences of poor farming practices, long droughts, and strong winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, the Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma regions are hampered by periods of long rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of peasants into poverty and forcing them to move to more fertile areas in the United States West Region.. During the twenty-year period ending in 1950, the country saw the only historical decline in the population, down 6.9 percent as poor families migrated out of the country after the Dust Bowl.
Soil and water conservation projects have significantly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of large-scale flood control systems and dams; they built hundreds of artificial reservoirs and lakes to supply water for domestic demand and agricultural irrigation. In the 1960s, Oklahoma had created more than 200 lakes, the most in the country.
In 1995, the City of Oklahoma was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh blew up a large, rough explosive device outside the Federal Building of Alfred P. Murrah, killing 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His hands, Terry Nichols, lived in prison without parole to help plan attacks and prepare for an explosion.
On May 31, 2016, several cities underwent a record of flood arrangements.
Demographics
The US Census Bureau estimates Oklahoma's population of 3,923,561 on July 1, 2016, a 4.6% increase since the 2010 US Census.
In the 2010 Census, 68.7% of the population were non-Hispanic whites, down from 88% in 1970, 7.3% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 8.2% non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native, 1 , 7% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.1% of some other races (non-Hispanic) and 5.1% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). 8.9% of the Oklahoma population is of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish descent (they may be any race).
In 2011, 47.3% of Oklahoma's population younger than age 1 was a minority, meaning they had at least one non-Hispanic non-white parent.
In 2005 it was estimated that the makeup of the ancestors of Oklahoma was 14.5% Germany, 13.1% America, 11.8% Ireland, 9.6% UK, 8.1% African American, and 11.4% Native Americans 7.9% Cherokee) despite the percentage of people who claim American Indians as they only race 8.1%. Most people from Oklahoma who identify themselves as Americans are British ancestors with a huge amount of Scottish and Wales inflections.
The state had the second highest number of native Americans in 2002, estimated at 395,219, as well as the second-highest percentage among all states.
In 2011, data from the US Census Bureau of the American Community Survey from 2005-2009 showed about 5% of Oklahoma's population was born outside the United States. This is lower than the national rate (about 12.5% ​​of the US population is born overseas).
Oklahoma's population center is in Lincoln County near the town of Sparks.
The 2006 per capita personal income of the country ranked 37th at $ 32,210, despite having the third fastest-growing per capita income in the country and consistently ranked as the lowest in the cost of living index. Oklahoma City, suburban Nichols Hills is the first on the Oklahoma site with a per capita income of $ 73,661, although Tulsa County has the highest average. In 2011, 7.0% of Oklahomans were under age 5, 24.7% below 18, and 13.7% were 65 or older. Women comprise 50.5% of the population.
Kota dan kota
The state is in the Southern Census region of the United States. According to the US Census 2010, Oklahoma is the country with the 28th largest population with 3,751,616 inhabitants, but the 19th largest by land covering 68,594.92 square miles (177,660.0 km 2 ) soil. Oklahoma is divided into 77 districts and contains 597 combined municipalities comprising cities and towns.
In Oklahoma, cities are all communities with 1,000 residents or more and are included as cities. Cities are limited to the city council type of city government. Cities can choose between the types of aldermanic governments, mayors, councils, and charity governments. Cities may also petition for inclusion as a city.
Language
English has been officially in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The various English-speaking North American languages ​​spoken are called Oklahoma English, and the dialect is quite diverse with an uneven mix of features from North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans - 92.6% of the population of five years or more - spoke only English at home, a decline from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking languages ​​other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the country's population. Spanish is the second most commonly used language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The two most common North American native languages ​​are Cherokee and Choctaw with 10,000 Cherokee speakers residing within the jurisdiction of the Cherokee County of eastern Oklahoma , and another 10,000 Choctaw speakers living in Choctaw State just south of Cherokee. Cherokee is the official language in the jurisdiction of the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.
Germany has 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the country's population, and Vietnam is spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Oklahoma City District of Oklahoma City. Other languages ​​include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0,1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0,1%), other Asian languages ​​with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0,1%), Japan with 2,546 (0,1%), and African language with 2,546 (0,1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages ​​are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted only Cherokee which shows the vitality of the current language).
Religion
Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative Christianity and Evangelicals known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the region is known for its conservative political and social outlook, with Republicans having larger numbers of voters enlisted between the two parties. Tulsa, the second largest city in the state, which is home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "Bible Belt Buckle".
According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of the adherents of Oklahoma religion are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of affiliates affiliated with Catholics is half the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Protestant Protestants is more than twice the national average - tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of each state.
In 2010, the country's largest church membership was at the Southern Baptist Convention (886,394 members), United Methodist Church (282,347), Roman Catholic Church (178,430), and Assemblies of God (85,926) and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (47,349). Other religions represented in the country include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.
In 2000, there were about 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims, with 10 trials for each group.
Oklahoma's religious makeup:
- Protestant Evangelicals - 53%
- mainline Protestant - 16%
- Roman Catholic - 13%
- More - 6%
- Not affiliated - 12%
Economy
Oklahoma is host to diverse sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, airplanes and food. The country ranks third in the state for natural gas production, is a country with 27th agricultural productivity, and also the 5th rank in wheat production. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and have been rated as one of the most business-friendly countries in the country, with the lowest tax burden of 7 in 2007.
In 2010, Love's Travel Stop & amp; based in Oklahoma City. Country Stores ranks 18th on Forbes' list of the largest private company, QuikTrip based in Tulsa, ranked 37th, and Oklahoma-based Hobby Lobby, ranked 198th in the 2010 report. Oklahoma's gross domestic product grew from $ 131.9 billion in 2006 to $ 147.5 billion in 2010, up 10.6 percent. Oklahoma's gross domestic product per capita was $ 35,480 in 2010, which ranks 40th among the states.
Although oil has historically dominated the country's economy, the fall of the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy. Oil contributed 35 billion dollars in the Oklahoma economy in 2007, and employment in the country's oil industry was faster than five other industries in 2007. By July 2017, the country's unemployment rate was 4.4%.
Industry
In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civil labor force of 1.7 million and nonfarm employment fluctuated by about 1.5 million. The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transport and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the education, business and manufacturing sectors, providing 207,800, 177,400 and 132,700 jobs, respectively. Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $ 11 billion annually.
Tulsa is home to the world's largest airline maintenance center, which serves as a global maintenance and engineering hub for American Airlines. In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aircraft engine manufacturing. Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistics centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.
The country is the top tire manufacturer in North America and contains one of the fastest growing biotech industries in the country. In 2005, international exports from the Oklahoma manufacturing industry totaled $ 4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact. Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioning manufacturing are the country's largest manufacturing industries.
Energy
Oklahoma is the country's third largest natural gas producer, and the fifth largest producer of crude oil. The state also has the second largest number of active drilling rigs, and even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves. While the country ranks eighth for wind energy capacity installed in 2011, the state is in the lower part of the state in the use of renewable energy, with 94% of its electricity generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25% of coal and 46% of natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranked 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, State energy cost is the eighth lowest in the country.
Overall, the oil-energy industry contributes $ 35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of state-linked oil companies earn an average of twice the country's typical annual income. In 2009, the country had 83,700 commercial oil wells producing 65,374 million barrels (10,393,600m 3 ) of crude oil. Eight and a half percent of the national natural gas supply was held in Oklahoma, with 1.673 trillion cubic feet (47.4 km 3 ) produced in 2009.
The Oklahoma Stack Play is a geographic reference area in the Anadarko River Basin. The "Fast Trend" oil fields, the Anadarko basin and the county of Kingfisher and Canada serve as the basis for "Oklahoma STACK". Other plays like Ford Eagle are geological rather than geographic.
According to Forbes, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil companies in the country, and all Fortune 500 companies in Oklahoma are energy-related. Tulsa ONEOK and Williams Companies are the largest and second largest company in the country, also ranked as the second and third largest energy companies, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also places Devon Energy as the second largest company in the country's mining and crude industries, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh in the sector and Oklahoma Gas & Power is the 25th largest gas and electric utility company.
Oklahoma Gas & amp; Electricity, commonly referred to as OG & amp; E (NYSE: OGE) operates four basic power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in Muskogee, and the other in Red Rock. Two are gas-fired power plants: one at Harrah and the other at Konawa. OG & amp; E is the first electric company in Oklahoma to produce electricity from a wind farm in 2003.
Wind Generation
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Agriculture
The country with the most productive 27th farm, Oklahoma ranks fifth in livestock production and fifth in wheat production. About 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the country produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of milk products.
The country has 85,500 farms in 2012, collectively generating 4.3 billion dollars in animal products and less than a billion dollars in crops with more than $ 6.1 billion added to the country's gross domestic product. Poultry and pigs are the second and third largest agricultural industries.
Education
With an education system consisting of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma has 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 primary, secondary and vocational schools in 533 school districts in 2008. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the country. with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 academic year. Near the bottom of the state in spending per student, Oklahoma spent $ 7,755 on every student in 2008, the 47th in the country, although the total growth in education spending between 1992 and 2002 was ranked 22nd.
The state is one of the best in pre-Kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research ranked first in the United States with regard to standard, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood school- child. The dropout rate dropped from 3.1 to 2.5 per cent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma among the other 18 states with dropout rates of 3 per cent or less. In 2004, the country ranks 36th in the country for the number of adults relative to a high school diploma, although at 85.2 percent, it has the highest rate among Southern countries. According to a study conducted by Pell Institute, Oklahoma ranks 48th in college participation for low-income students.
The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Northeastern State University are the largest institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, operating through one major campus and satellite campuses across the state. Both state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa, rank among the best business programs in the country.
Oklahoma City University Law School, Oklahoma University Law School, and Tulsa University Law School are the only ABA accredited institutions in the state. Both the University of Oklahoma and Tulsa University are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68 and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the country.
Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second oldest higher education institution west of the Mississippi River, also contains the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the nation's largest Native American enrollment by percentage and number. Langston University is the only black history college in Oklahoma. Six of the state universities were placed on the list of the best Princeton Review 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the top college list for the best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by the CareerTech program in Oklahoma for specific industry or trade training.
In the 2007-2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first professional degree students enrolled at the Oklahoma college. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received the first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma generates an average of 38,278 holders of degrees per component of completion (ie 1 July 2007 - 30 June 2008). The national average is 68,322 degrees total given per component of completion.
Starting April 2, 2018, tens of thousands of K-12 state school teachers went on strike due to lack of funds. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma rank 49 out of 50 states in terms of teacher salaries by 2016. Oklahoma's legislature has passed the size of the previous week to raise salaries of teachers by $ 6,100, but failed to reach $ 10,000 to raise teachers, a $ 5,000 increase other school employees, and a $ 200 million increase in extra-sought-after extra-funding education.
Non-English education
Cherokees instigate a 10-year language preservation plan involving speakers of the newly developed Cherokee language from childhood through the school immersion program and collaborative community efforts to continue using the home language. This plan is part of an ambitious goal that within 50 years, 80% or more of the Cherokees will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $ 3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as starting community meetings where language can be used actively. The Cherokee School of Imagery in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school to eighth grade. Graduates are fluent in the language. Some universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University.
Culture
Oklahoma is placed in the South by the US Census Bureau, but is located partly in the southwestern and southern cultures of various definitions, and in highland and upland regions with the abstract definition of geographic geographical area. Oklahoman has an excellent level of English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Native American, with 25 different native languages ​​spoken.
Since many Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma when white settlements in North America increased, Oklahoma had a lot of linguistic diversity. Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and curator of the association of Native American languages ​​at Sam Noble Museum, notes that Oklahoma also has a dangerous level of language.
Sixty-seven native American tribes are represented in Oklahoma, including 39 federally recognized tribes, which are headquartered and have territorial jurisdictions in the state. Western breeders, Native Americans, Southern settlers, and eastern oil barons have shaped the country's cultural tendencies, and its largest cities have been named one of the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States.
The citizens of Oklahoma are associated with the characteristics of Southern hospitality - The 2006 catalog for Philanthropy (with data from 2004) puts the 7th Oklahomans in the country for generosity as a whole. The state has also been linked to negative cultural stereotypes first popularized by John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, illustrating the fate of uneducated and poor peasants in the era of the "Okies" Dust Bowl. However, this term is often used positively by Oklahomans.
Art
In the largest urban area of ​​the state, jazz culture pockets flourish, and Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans produce their own music and cultural arts. The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the southern plains, and the Oklahoma City Art Festival has been named one of the country's finest art festivals.
The country has a rich history in ballet with five native American ballerinas reaching fame worldwide. These are Yvonne Chouteau, Marjorie's brother and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Months. The New York Times reviews Ballet Tulsa as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. Ballet of Oklahoma City and the University of Oklahoma dance program was formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was established in 1962 and is the first accredited program of its kind in the United States.
In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, original McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the production of Broadway and International tours Oklahoma! , playing the role of "Curly McClain" in over 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was shown along with Oklahoma! cast on CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song being Oklahoma's state song and also featured on US stamps to commemorate the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the country has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized in Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the Red Dirt music epicenter, the most notable supporter of whom is Bob Childers.
The leading theater companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theater Company, Carpenter Square Theater, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company that provides equity points to players and technical theater professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest professional company is the American Theater Company, and Tulsa Theater is the oldest community theater company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theater and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. Norman Townships, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also hosted well-reviewed community theater companies.
Oklahoma is in the middle of the country's percentile in per capita spending on art, ranked 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the 50 best art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History at Norman, one of the nation's largest university-based art and history museums, documents the region's historical nature. The Thomas Gilcrease collection is housed in the Tulsa Gilcrease Museum, which also houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of Western art and artifacts in the world.
The Egyptian art collection at Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered the best Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles. The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most complete collection of glass sculptures by Dale Chihuly artists in the world, and the Oklahoma National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum documenting the legacy of the West American border. With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Jewish Art Museum in Tulsa holds the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest of the United States.
Festivals and events
The 100-year anniversary of Oklahoma was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consists of several celebrations saved by the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place across states such as Powwows Native American and ceremonial events, and includes festivals (for example) in Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Vietnam, China, Czech, Jewish, Arabic, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural or tradition heritage.
For ten days walking in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma drew about one million people along with the annual Art Festival. The great national pow power, Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the nineteenth celebration are held in Oklahoma City every year. Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people for a 10-day walk, and Mayfest city festival entertains over 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was crowned as one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the best German food festivals in the country by the magazine Bon AppÃÆ'Â © tit .
Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights bands and original Oklahoma musicians. Norman also hosts the Middle Ages of Normandy, which has been held annually since 1976 and is the first medieval exhibit in Oklahoma. The Fair was held first in the southern oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "biggest weekend event and largest event third in Oklahoma, and selected by Media Network Event as one of the 100 best events in the country ".
Sports
Oklahoma has teams in basketball, soccer, soccer arena, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the only major league sports league. The country has a team at the National Women's Basketball Association, Shock Tulsa, from 2010 to 2015, but the team moved to Dallas-Fort Worth after that season and became Dallas Wings.
Oklahoma has teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), ECHL hockey with Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor soccer leagues. In the latter sport, the most famous country team is Tulsa Talons, who played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced Talons as the only professional football team arena Tulsa, playing the CPIFL. Oklahoma City Blue, from the NBA G League, moved to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host a professional basketball team at USBL and CBA.
The NBA New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports league based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to move to Oklahoma City Center, now known as the Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, to Oklahoma City and began playing at Ford Center as Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008-09 season, becoming the first major permanent league league in the state.
College athletics is a popular attraction in the state. The state has four schools competing at the highest level of college sports, the NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the two members of the State of the 12 Big Conference, one called the Power Five conference of the college's top level football, Division I FBS. Oklahoma State University and Oklahoma State University average more than 50,000 fans attending their soccer games, and the Oklahoma soccer program ranked 12th among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending their home games. The two universities meet several times each year in a competition known as Bedlam Series, which are some of the biggest sports that appeal to the country. Sports Illustrated Magazine upgraded Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the best academies for athletics in the country.
Two private institutions in Tulsa, Tulsa University and Oral Roberts University; also a member of Division I. Tulsa competed in FBS football and other sports at the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, who did not sponsor football, was a member of the Summit League. In addition, 12 smaller colleges and universities competed in the NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma agencies participated in NAIA, mostly at the Quick Athletic Conference.
The regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa. Judged by one of the best golf courses in the country, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three US Open, most recently in 2001. Rodeos are popular all over the state, and Guymon, in the state sticking out, host one of the largest in the country.
Current team
Health
Oklahoma was the 21st-largest beneficiary of medical funds from the federal government in 2005, with federal health-related health spending in the state valued at $ 75,801,364; immunization, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education are the top three most funded medical items. Examples of major illnesses are close to the national average in Oklahoma, and state ranks or slightly above the rest of the country in the percentage of people with asthma, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.
In 2000, Oklahoma ranked 45th in per capita physicians and slightly below the national average in per capita nurses, but slightly above the national average in hospital beds per 100,000 people and above the national average in net healthcare growth over the 12 year period. One of the worst countries for the percentage of people insured, nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the ages of 18 and 64 had no health insurance in 2005, the fifth highest level in the country.
Oklahomans are in the top half of America in terms of the prevalence of obesity, and the country is the fifth most fat in the country, with 30.3 percent of the population in or near obesity. Oklahoma ranks last among 50 countries in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance.
OU Medical Center, Oklahoma's largest hospital collection, is the only hospital in the state designated as a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons. OU Medical Center is located in the Oklahoma Health Center area in Oklahoma City, the largest concentration of state medical research facilities.
The American Cancer Treatment Center at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four national regional facilities, offering cancer treatments throughout the southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country. The country's largest osteopathic teaching facility, Oklahoma State University Medical Center in Tulsa, is also one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience. On June 26, 2018, Oklahoma made marijuana legal for medical purposes. This is a milestone for a country in the Bible Belt.
Media
Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th and 61st largest media markets in the United States ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The country's third largest media market, Lawton-Wichita Falls, Texas, is ranked 149th nationally by the agency. Television broadcasting in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR-TV (later WKY-TV) in Oklahoma City and KOTV-TV in Tulsa began broadcasting several months apart. Currently, all major American broadcast networks have an affiliate television station in the state.
The country has two major newspapers. Oklahoma City's Oklahoman, is the largest newspaper in the state and the nation's 54th largest in circulation, with a working-day audience of 138,493 and Sunday's 202,690 readers. The Tulsa World , the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the country, holds the circulation of Week 132,969 and the weekdays reader 93,558. The first Oklahoma newspaper was founded in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and is written in Cherokee and English. In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 daily publications.
The first state radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, was signed in 1920, followed by KRFU in Bristow, which later moved to Tulsa and became KVOO in 1927. In 2006, there were over 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned network. Five universities in Oklahoma operate non-commercial, public radio/network stations.
Oklahoma has several ethnically oriented TV stations that are broadcast in Spanish and Asian, and there are several Native American programs. TBN, a Christian religious television network, owns a studio in Tulsa, and built the first fully owned TBN affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980.
Transportation
Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by Interstate Highways anchor systems, intercity rail lines, airports, inland ports, and mass transit networks. Located along an integral point on the US Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three interstate highways and four additional Interstate Highways. In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects Interstate 44 and Interstate 40, forming one of the most important intersections along the US highway system.
Over 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads form the main state highway framework, including state-operated highways, ten major turnpikes or major highways, and the longest stretch of Routes 66 in the country. In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was the busiest highway in Oklahoma, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars. In 2010, the state had the third highest number of bridges in the country classified as a structural deficit, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.
The largest commercial airport in Oklahoma is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, the average annual passenger number is more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boarding) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the country's largest commercial airport, serves more from 1.3 million boarding in 2010. In between, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the country's busiest airport, with 335,826 runways and landings in 2008. Oklahoma has more than 150 public airports.
Oklahoma is connected to the national rail network via Amtrak's Heartland Flyer , its only regional passenger train line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas, although lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect Heartland Flyer to Tulsa.
Two inland ports on the river serve Oklahoma: Port of Muskogee and Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port that handles international cargo, Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the country's most inland port and ships more than two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are in the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, contributing to one of the world's busiest waterways.
Law and government
Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government model after the Federal Government of the United States, with its executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The country has 77 districts with jurisdiction over most of the local government functions within each domain, five congressional districts, and a vote base with plurality in the Democratic Party. Country officials are selected by pluralism voting in the state of Oklahoma.
Oklahoma is one of 32 countries with the death penalty as a legitimate punishment, and the state has had (between 1976 and mid-2011) the highest per capita execution rate in the US.
State government
The Oklahoma Legislature consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As a branch of the state government, he is responsible for collecting and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members who served for four years, while the House has 101 members with a two-year contract period. The state has a time limit for its legislature which limits one person to twelve years of cumulative service between the two legislative branches.
The Oklahoma court of justice consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma District Court of Appeals, and 77 District Courts serving each county. The Oklahoma court also contains two independent courts: the Impeachment Court and the Oklahoma Court of Justice. Oklahoma has two recent trials: the Supreme Court of the country hears civil cases, and the State Criminal Court of Appeals hear criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). The judges of both courts, as well as the Civil Appellate Court, are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Nomination Commission of the State, and are subject to non-partisan voting in a six-year rotation schedule.
The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The head of the main government, the Governor is chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as former chief executive commander of Oklahoma National Guard when not called to Federal use and ordering power to veto bill passing Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting budgets, ensuring state law enforced, and ensuring that peace within the state is maintained.
Local government
The state is divided into 77 locally governed districts, each headed by a board of three elected commissioners, tax assessors, clerks, court clerks, treasurers, and sheriffs. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent regional government with executive, legislative and judicial powers, the local government maintains jurisdiction over the two incorporated cities and areas not included within their boundaries but has executive power but none legislative or judicial powers. Both district and city governments collect taxes, use separate police forces, organize elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, tech-center districts, community college districts, rural fire brigades, rural water districts, and other special-use districts.
Thirty-nine Native American governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within the designated territory. While the typical Indian reservations in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over government agencies such as municipalities and districts. Tribal government is recognized by the United States as a quasi-sovereign entity with executive, judicial and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but is subject to the authority of the United States Congress to seek
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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