The Cahuilla , also known as ? ÃÆ'vil? Uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem , is a Native American from the interior of southern California. Their native territory includes an area of ​​approximately 2,400 square miles (6,200 km 2 ). The traditional Cahuilla region is near the geographic center of Southern California. It is bordered to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by the Borrego Springs and Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains.
Video Cahuilla
Language and name
The Cahuilla language is in the Uto-Aztecan family. The 1990 census revealed 35 speakers in an ethnic 800 population. This is critically endangered, as most speakers are middle-aged or older. In their own language, their autonym is ? ÃÆ'vil? Uqaletem, and their language name is ? ÃÆ'vil? U? At (Ivoryuat), but they also call themselves tÃÆ'¡xliswet meaning 'person'. Cahuilla is an exonym applied to the group after the secularization mission in Ranchos of California. The word "Cahuilla" may be derived from the word Ivilyuat kawi'a , which means "master."
Maps Cahuilla
Prehistoric
The oral legend shows that when Cahuilla first moved to Coachella Valley, a large body of water called Lake Cahuilla geographer exists. Picked up by the Colorado River, it dries around before 1700, following one of the recurring shifts in the river lane. In 1905, a break on the embankment created the much smaller Salton Sea at the same location.
Cahuilla lives off the ground using native plants. The famous tree whose fruit they harvest is the California's fan bar . Cahuilla also uses palm leaves for baskets of various shapes, sizes and purposes; sandals, and thatched roofs for residences. Cahuilla lives in a smaller group than some other tribes.
History
The first meeting with the Europeans was in 1774, when Juan Bautista de Anza was looking for a trade route between Sonora and Monterey in Alta California. Deep in the interior, Cahuilla had little contact with Spanish troops, priests, or missionaries. Many Europeans view the desert as having little or no value, but more as a place to avoid. Cahuilla learns about Spanish missions and their culture from Indians living close to missions in San Gabriel and San Diego. Cahuilla provides vaqueros that serves the owners of Rancho San Bernardino, and provides security against raiding tribes from deserts and mountains above their herds.
Cahuilla did not meet Anglo-Americans until the 1840s. Chief Juan Antonio, leader of Cahuilla Mountain Band, gave Daniel Sexton tourists access to the area near the San Gorgonio Pass in 1842. The Mountain Band also gave support to the US Army expedition led by Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale, defending the party against the attacks by > Wakara and his Ute warrior group.
During the Mexican-American War, Chief Juan Antonio led his soldiers to join the Californios led by JosÃÆ'Â © del Carmen Lugo in attacking their traditional foe, LuiseÃÆ'Â ± o. Lugo led this action in retaliation for the Pauma Massacre, in which Luiseno had killed 11 Californios. The joint forces ambushed and killed 33-40 Luiseno soldiers, an event known as the Temecula Massacre of 1847. (Academic historians disagree on the exact number of deaths, the estimate is 33-40; oral tradition of Luiseno holds that more than 100 soldiers were killed. ) In an agreement ending the war with Mexico, the US pledged to respect Mexico's grant and land policy. This includes recognition of Native American rights to inhabit certain lands, but the European-American encroachment on Indian soil becomes an increasing problem after the US annexes California.
During the 1850s, Cahuilla experienced increasing pressure from the wave of European-American migrants due to the California Gold Rush. In 1851, Juan Antonio led his soldiers in the destruction of Irving Gang, a band of bandits who had plundered the San Bernardino Valley. Following the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his soldiers and their families, moved east from Politana, to the San Gorgonio Pass and settled in a valley that branched northeast from San Timoteo Canyon, in a village called Saahatpa.
In addition to the entry of Anglo-American miners, breeders and criminals, and the Mormon invaders, Cahuilla clashed with the CupeÃÆ' Â ± o tribe in the west. In November 1851, the Garra Revolution took place, in which Cupeno leader Antonio Garra tried to bring Juan Antonio into his rebellion. Juan Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Antonio Garra, ending the rebellion.
When the California Senate refused to ratify an 1852 treaty granting Cahuilla control over their lands, some tribal leaders used attacks against arriving troops and troops. Juan Antonio did not participate in this as long as he lived.
To push the train, the US government divides the land into one square section, giving the Indians every other part. In 1877 the government established the boundaries of the reservation, which left Cahuilla with only a fraction of their traditional territory.
Cahuilla has been married to non-Cahuilla over the last century. A high percentage of members of the Cahuilla tribe currently have mixed breeds, mainly Spanish and African American. Individuals who grow in tribal ways and identify cultures with Cahuilla can qualify for official tribal membership with internal tribal rules. Each federally recognized tribe sets its own rules for membership.
Current status
Today Palm Springs and its surroundings are undergoing rapid development. The Agua Caliente Band from Cahuilla is an important player in the local economy, operating various business enterprises, including land rental, hotel and casino, and banking operations.
The Agua Caliente Indian Reservation occupies 126,706 km 2 (48,921Ã, sqÃ, mi) in the Palm Springs area, including parts of the cities of Palm Springs, Cathedral City, and Rancho Mirage. The number of people living in the area is 21,358 people in the 2000 census, although only a few of them are registered as tribal members.
Morongo Band of Mission Indians, also considered part of the state of Cahuilla, operates Morongo Casino Resort and Spa, as well as Hadley Fruit Orchards in Cabazon. The Morongo Casino is one of the largest Indian casinos in the United States. Indian Morongo's reservation is located north of Riverside County. The Towns of Ban and Cabazon both extend partially to the reservation ground. Reservation has a land area of ​​127,083 km 2 (49,067 sq mi), with a population of 954, the majority of Native American heritage.
The smaller Cahuilla group is located in Southern California: the Augustine Band in Coachella; Band Cabazon in Indio; Reservation Cabazon in Indio, Coachella, and Mecca; Band Cahuilla at Anza; Los Coyotes Band in Warner Springs; Ramona Indian Reservation at Pine Meadow; Santa Rosa Indian Reservation in Pinyon; Twentynine Palms Band at Twentynine Palms, Indio and Coachella; Torres-Martinez Bands at La Quinta, Coachella, Thermal, Mecca, and Oasis; and Mission Creek Reservation in Desert Hot Springs.
The extinct Cahuilla tribe (known as Las Palmas bands of Cahuilla) in the early 20th century lived in the Palm Desert area (between Cathedral City and La Quinta). This was before the land developers and the US Army purchased tribal land from the Montoya family in Indian Wells today and from the San Cayetano band at Rancho Mirage. The number of descendants of these tribes is unknown. The Montoya family, who claimed some of Cahuilla's ancestry, were influential in the local economy and city politics.
The ethnic composition of Cahuilla's descendants is the same as most Americans: mixed with Europeans (mainly Anglo/Irish-Americans and Spaniards), African Americans, Asians (from historic interactions with Chinese railway workers and Filipino peasants), and tribal groups others, especially Apache migrant workers from Arizona. Some Cahuilla families continue to marry local residents; others try to marry Native Americans.
Federally recognized tribes
Cahuilla has historically been divided into the "Mountain," "Desert," and "(San Gorgonio) Pass/Western" groups by anthropologists. Today there are nine Southern California reservations that are recognized as home to Cahuilla bands. It is located in Imperial, Riverside and San Diego County and is a federally recognized tribal region.
The Cahuilla Bands (sometimes called "villages") are:
Cahuilla or "Western" Cahuilla (at San Gorgonio Pass, centered in Palms Springs and Palm Desert in Coachella Valley, wanders north to Desert Hot Springs)
- Agua Caliente Indian Cahuilla Band from Indian Agua Caliente Reservation (main clan: Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisikt (" fox or rock People", in Palm Springs area), Painakic/Panic/Paniktum (? People of Daylight ?, from Andreas and Murray Canyons), Atcitcem/Ahchechem (? People of Good ?, from Lower Palm Canyon, then in Indian Wells), Wanikik/Wainikik (? Running Water People, Snowcreek and Whitewater Canyon, now mostly Morongo Bands), and other clans (whose identity has disappeared), headquarters in Palm Springs, California (Cahuilla: Se-Khi/Sec-he) -? boiling water?), the Spanish who arrived named it Agua Caliente - hot water?)
- Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians from Morongo Reservation (Wanikik/Wainikik and Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisiktum clan, and Serrano, tribal members also including CupeÃÆ'Â ± o, LuiseÃÆ' Â ± o, and Indian Chemeuevi, headquarters in Banning, California.)
- Mission Creek Band (Kilyinakiktum and Wanikik/Wainikik clan and mixed Cahuilla-Serrano Marongam clan (in Serrano: Morongo), Serrano, and CupeÃÆ'  ± o people, headquarters in Desert Hot Springs, California at Mission Creek (Yamesà ©  © vel), a tributary of the River Arung north of the Salton Sea)
"Mount" Cahuilla (Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains)
- Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians from Cahuilla Reservation (Natcutakiktum (? Sand People ?, from Horse Canyon), headquartered in Anza, California)
- Los Coyotes Band from Cahuilla and Cupeno Indian from Los Coyotes Reservation (first Wiwaiistam (? Coyote People ?, from Coyote Canyon) (and Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem lienage - later the Isilsiveyyaiutcem clan though, and CupeÃÆ'Â ± o, headquarters at Warner Springs, California)
- Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians (Apapatcem (? Medical Persons?), headquarters in Anza, California)
- Santa Rosa Band Indian Cahuilla (originally dominated by Costakiktum/Costai-kiktem and Natcutakiktum, together with Pauatiauitcem/Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum and Temewhanic (? Northerners?), then Guanche-pakiktem and some Sauicpakiktum/Sawish- pakiktem ( from Rockhouse Canyon) clan, headquarters in Hemet, California)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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